Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

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Importance and Impact of the Poultry Red Mite ( Dermanyssus Gallinae ) in Layer Farms - Analysis of Farmers’ Perception
(Macedonian Veterinary Review, 2021-10)
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Danijela Horvatek
;
Aleksandar Dodovski
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DYNAMICS OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OUTBREAK IN COMMERCIAL LAYERS
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University, the Netherlands, 2022-06)
Aleksandar Dodovski
;
Vladimir Savic
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Effects of addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii on multiple parameters on broiler health and productivity
(Middle East Agrifood Publishers, 2022-06)
Aleksandar Dodovski
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Irena Celeska
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Sandra Mojsova
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Ljupco Angelovski
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Miroslav Kjosevski
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MOLECUAR AND PHYLOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIVIDUAL NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUSES DETECTED IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
(Ss. CYRIL AND METHODIUS UNIVERSITY IN SKOPJE, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – SKOPJE, 2013-07)
Aleksandar Dodovski
Main aim of this study was to identify and characterize NDV detected in Republic of Macedonia in the period from 2002-2012. Twenty-one strains of NDV detected in domestic poultry, pigeons and wild birds were examined. Identification of the strains was done with HIT of the classical methods and RT-qPCR and RT-PCR of the molecular methods. Virulence of the strains was determined with ICPI in the part of the strains and with determination of the amino acid motif of the cleavage site of the fusion gene by sequencing. Phylogenetic characterization of the strains was done with alignment with other strains from the region and with reference strains on a global level and with construction of phylogenetic trees. Of the total 21 strains, 12 strains belong to PPMV-1 and 9 were classical strains. All strains were virulent viruses. Representatives of the PPMV-1 belong to genotype VIb while classical strains belong to genotype VIId and are phylogenetically related to isolates from the region. Viruses detected in 2002-2003 are one of the first characterized representatives of the genotype VIId in the Southeast Europe. With a great degree of certainty it can be said that in the designated period there are at least two independent introductions of the viruses of genotype VIId, possibly even earlier, and a third introduction which occurred probably later i.e. in 2005. Two independent introductions of virulent viruses, one of which was previously present in the poultry were responsible for the epizootics of ND in 2005-2006. Permanent circulation of PPMV-1 was a documented threat to poultry. Diagnostic methods in accordance with OIE and EU legislative are successfully implemented in this study but national legislative should be revised in the context of definition of ND as per OIE and EU.
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Characterization and Epidemiology of Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type-1 Viruses (PPMV-1) Isolated in Macedonia
(American Association of Avian Pathologists, 2017-01-09)
Aleksandar Dodovski
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Iskra Cvetkovikj
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Kiril Krstevski
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Ivancho Naletoski
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Vladimir Savić
We have characterized in this study 10 PPMV-1 isolated from domestic pigeons and one PPMV-1 isolated from a feral pigeon in the period 2007–2012, using both classical methods (HI test and ICPI test) and molecular methods (RT-qPCR, RT-PCR, and nucleotide sequencing). Using phylogenetic analysis of partial fusion gene sequences, these viruses clustered with recent European PPMV-1 isolates (EU/re) within the genotype VIb/1. All isolates possessed virulent cleavage site motifs with variable morbidity and mortality in pigeons. The intracerebral pathogenecity indices of the five isolates ranged from 0.59 to 1.53. The repetitive isolation of PPMV-1 viruses for several consecutive years led toward establishing enzootic presence of the disease in pigeons. A high nucleotide sequence homology between the Macedonian isolates and EU/re isolates was shown. Co-circulation of different isolates in the same holdings was detected. This is the first study to extensively describe the molecular epidemiology of PPMV-1 isolated in Macedonia.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL AVIAN AVULAVIRUS 1 OF CLASS I ISOLATED FROM A MUTE SWAN (CYGNUS OLOR) IN MACEDONIA IN 2012
(Sciendo, 2019-04-20)
Aleksandar Dodovski
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Zagorka Popova
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Vladimir Savić
Avian avulavirus type 1 (AAvV-1) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus. Even though belonging to a single serotype, there is great genetic variability between these viruses. On the basis of the available complete fusion (F) gene and whole genome sequences and using the genotype classification system, AAvV-1 viruses are divided in two major groups: class I and class II. Class I viruses are predominantly avirulent viruses and majority of the isolations come from waterfowl and domestic poultry from live bird markets in USA and China although isolations from wild birds are reported globally. In our study we used classical, molecular and phylogenetic tools to characterize an AAvV-1 isolated from a mute swan in Macedonia. Based on the complete F gene sequence, we have concluded that the virus designated as AAvV-1/mute swan/Macedonia/546/2012 (KP123431) belongs to the class I of AAvV-1 with an avirulent cleavage site motif 112ERQER*L117. The virus could not be assigned to any of the four currently existing subgenotypes (1a, 1b, 1c or 1d) of the single genotype 1 of class I viruses. Two distant viruses, isolated from goose in Alaska in 1991 and from goose in Ohio in 1987, shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity of the complete F gene with the isolate in our study: 92.7% and 92.8%, respectively. This is the first report of isolation of class I AAvV-1 in Southeastern Europe. The asymptomatic nature and the underreporting of sequences from the class I viruses impede the understanding of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of this group of viruses.
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IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF THE POULTRY RED MITE (DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE) IN LAYER FARMS - ANALYSIS OF FARMERS’ PERCEPTION
(Sciendo, 2021-09-22)
Miroslav Kjosevski
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Danijela Horvatek Tomić
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Aleksandar Dodovski
Poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, causes egg drop production, anemia and can be a vector in transmitting diseases. The PRM control mainly focuses on usage of the conventional chemical biocides. The objective of this study was to analyze the farmers’ perception regarding the impact, management and control of PRM in Macedonian layer farms. The data were collected with direct on-site visits using a unified questionnaire. In total, 29 poultry farms (28% of farms in the country), all with conventional cages, were part of this study. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and Naïve Bayes Classifier technique. In 30% of the poultry farms the farmers had observed that the flock was infested with PRM. In total, 32 different treatments against PRM were reported from the farmers, and three of them were non-biocide treatments. The most used biocides (17% of the farms) were crude oil, Formalin, Neopitroid® and disinfectants. The highest agreement regarding biocides application among the farms (38%) was before the production starts. Most of the farmers applied biocides routinely, before the infestation is evident (75%). The median costs for PRM treatment were 175€ per flock, higher in the infested farms 493±677€ compared to non - infested 100±71€, p<0.05. None of the Macedonian farmers included in the study was using monitoring method for PRM infestation, contributing to poor data records. This study highlights the need of developing unified strategy for PRM control included in the Integrated Pest Management in poultry layer farms.
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Intense Innate Immune Responses and Severe Metabolic Disorders in Chicken Embryonic Visceral Tissues Caused by Infection with Highly Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Compared to the Avirulent Virus: A Bioinformatics Analysis
(MDPI, 2022-04-27)
Shanyu Cheng
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Xinxin Liu
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Jiaqi Mu
;
Weiwen Yan
;
Mengjun Wang
The highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates typically result in severe systemic pathological changes and high mortality in Newcastle disease (ND) illness, whereas avirulent or low-virulence NDV strains can cause subclinical disease with no morbidity and even asymptomatic infections in birds. However, understanding the host’s innate immune responses to infection with either a highly virulent strain or an avirulent strain, and how this response may contribute to severe pathological damages and even mortality upon infection with the highly virulent strain, remain limited. Therefore, the differences in epigenetic and pathogenesis mechanisms between the highly virulent and avirulent strains were explored, by transcriptional profiling of chicken embryonic visceral tissues (CEVT), infected with either the highly virulent NA-1 strain or the avirulent vaccine LaSota strain using RNA-seq. In our current paper, severe systemic pathological changes and high mortality were only observed in chicken embryos infected with the highly virulent NA-1 strains, although the propagation of viruses exhibited no differences between NA-1 and LaSota. Furthermore, virulent NA-1 infection caused intense innate immune responses and severe metabolic disorders in chicken EVT at 36 h post-infection (hpi), instead of 24 hpi, based on the bioinformatics analysis results for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NA-1 and LaSota groups. Notably, an acute hyperinflammatory response, characterized by upregulated inflammatory cytokines, an uncontrolled host immune defense with dysregulated innate immune response-related signaling pathways, as well as severe metabolic disorders with the reorganization of host–cell metabolism were involved in the host defense response to the CEVT infected with the highly virulent NA-1 strain compared to the avirulent vaccine LaSota strain. Taken together, these results indicate that not only the host’s uncontrolled immune response itself, but also the metabolic disorders with viruses hijacking host cell metabolism, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the highly virulent strain in ovo.

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