Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

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Empty Barns, Overcrowded Clinics: Restoring Balance in Veterinary Education Priorities
(Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, 2025)
Fejzić, Nihad
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Smajlović, Muhamed
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Samardžija, Marko
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Pećin, Marko
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Vlahović, Ksenija
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THE EFFECT OF LIQUID SMOKE ON FOODBORNE PATHOGENS IN READY-TO-EAT MEAT PRODUCTS
(Scientific Veterinary Institute 'Novi Sad', 2025-12-04)
Popovski, Krste
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Ratkova Manovska, Marija
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Liquid smoke is increasingly used in ready-to-eat meat products as a natural preservative with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the efficacy of a commercial liquid smoke preparation (Cloud S9, Kerry, USA) against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 13932, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076 in chicken and beef ham. Meat products were inoculated with each bacterial strain and treated with liquid smoke at concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5%, and untreated samples were used as controls. Bacterial counts were assessed after 2 hours, 7 days, and 14 days of refrigerated storage (4 °C). Liquid smoke significantly inhibited bacterial growth in a concentration-dependent manner. For Listeria monocytogenes, 5% liquid smoke achieved > 2 log cfu/g reductions after 14 days, while lower concentrations suppressed growth without elimination. Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis exhibited comparatively lower sensitivity, with most treatments producing bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effects; however, 5% liquid smoke achieved a measurable reduction of Escherichia coli in chicken ham. These findings confirm the antimicrobial potential of liquid smoke as a complementary hurdle to enhance the microbial safety of ready-to-eat meat products, while also underscoring the ongoing necessity for stringent hygiene practices.
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Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Zoonotic Potential of Intestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs in North Macedonia: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2026-03-03)
Chapkunovska, Bojana
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Rashikj, Ljubica
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Vlahov, Jane
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Owner-Reported Detection and Risk Factors of Canine Osteoarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2026-02-25)
Vlahov, Jane
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Trojacanec, Plamen
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Trojacanec, Filip
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Bozhinovski, Dimitar
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Depletion of [3H] amitraz in sheep
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-12-24)
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Jovanovski, Stefan
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Janevski, Aleksandar
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Musliu, Dea
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with DAD Detection for the Determination of Cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil
(MDPI AG, 2024-12-02)
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Dimitreska Stojkovikj, Elizabeta
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Gusheski, Dimitar
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Musliu, Dea
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Velkovski, Daniel
The study highlights the need for quality control in evaluating medicinal plant products, especially CBD oils, before market release. Due to varying regulatory requirements, product labeling can sometimes be misleading, especially regarding cannabinoid concentrations such as CBD and THC. This research focused on developing a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for accurately identifying and quantifying key cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil. The main compounds identified included Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBD-A), Cannabigerolic Acid (CBG-A), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabinol (CBN), ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC) ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d8-THC), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA), determined in line with the International Conference on Harmonization’s (ICH) guidelines. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). It was determined to be linear, with a correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.999. The LOD and LOQ values calculated from the calibration curve ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 and 0.50 to 0.61 µg/mL, respectively. The method also exhibited acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values lower than or equal to 2%. The method’s accuracy was assessed through recovery percentages and fell within an acceptable range of 98–102 if the RSD was 2%. This study’s rigorous methodology and comprehensive findings significantly contribute to cannabinoid analysis. This validated protocol was used to analyze cannabinoids in 14 commercial veterinary CBD oil products from the Republic of North Macedonia. The performance parameters demonstrated that the method is reliable for quantitatively measuring cannabinoids in CBD oil. The analysis showed that the cannabinoid levels in the products were consistent with the manufacturers’ declared specifications, with no significant discrepancies in labeling.
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Health risks and bioavailability of metal residues from hunting ammunition in game meat
(Wiley, 2025-10)
Durkalec, Maciej
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Kanstrup, Niels
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Paulsen, Peter
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Mateoe, Rafael
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Pain, Debbie
The workshop "Health Risks and Bioavailability of Metal Residues from Hunting Ammunition in Game Meat," held in Billund, Denmark, explored the pressing issue of lead contamination in game meat. Experts from various disciplines discussed the health risks posed to humans and wildlife, the environmental impacts of lead residues, and potential alternatives to lead based ammunition. Key findings highlighted the bioavailability and toxicity of lead from ammunition, the range and possibilities of current non-lead alternatives, and the need for harmonized regulations across Europe. The workshop underscored the importance of hunter education, public awareness, and interdisciplinary research to facilitate the transition to nontoxic ammunition and reduce contamination. Recommendations include stronger enforcement of lead bans, targeted outreach to stakeholders, and comprehensive risk assessments for alternative materials. These efforts aim to ensure the sustainability of hunting practices and the safety of game meat in the food chain.
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MYCOTOXIN SURVEILLANCE IN DAIRY INDUSTRY: TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FROM A FIVE-YEAR STUDY IN NORTH MACEDONIA
(University of East Sarajevo, 2025-06-01)
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Monitoring Heavy Metals, Mycotoxins, Coccidiostats and Microbial Contamination in Animal Feed: A North Macedonia Study (2018-2022)
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2025-06-24)
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Enimiteva, Vangelica
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Angelovski, Ljupco
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Feed contamination can occur at every stage of the feed chain, including manufacturing, storage, transport, and utilization. Ensuring feed safety is fundamental for livestock health, animal performance, and food safety throughout the feed-to-food chain. The study aimed to make qualitative and quantitative assessment of microbiological and chemical hazards in animal feed in North Macedonia from 2018 to 2022. A total of 1,629 feed samples were analysed for heavy metals, mycotoxins, and coccidiostats, whereas 598 samples were examined for microbial contamination. The results indicate a significant prevalence of heavy metals, with lead (Pb) detected in 100% of the samples, although mostly within regulatory limits. Mycotoxins, notably ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), were also identified, with non-compliance in 10.88% of cattle feed for AFB1. Coccidiostat residues exceeded the maximum levels in 4.6% of the samples. Microbiological analysis revealed that 1.34% of feed samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp., and 3.8% tested positive for sulphitereducing clostridia. The findings on both microbiological and chemical hazards indicate their potential to threaten the feed safety chain. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the need for continuous comprehensive feed safety monitoring and the enforcement of stringent safety regulations to safeguard animal and public health in North Macedonia.
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Multi-class analysis of antimicrobial substances in poultry feed at cross-contamination levels by UHPLC-MS/MS – Method establishment, validation, and application
(Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 2025-12-24)
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Koceva, Dushica
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Angjeleska, Aleksandra
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Stojković, Goran
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The Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1229 establishes maximum limits (MLs) for the cross-contamination of antimicrobial substances in feed intended for food-producing animals. This study presents the development and in-house validation of two multi-class analytical methods for detecting antimicrobial substances in poultry feed at cross-contamination levels, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Methods with and without solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification were developed for 26 antimicrobial substances across eight classes, covering a concentration range of 5–300 μg kg–1. The methods were validated for parameters in-cluding selectivity, limit of quantification, within- and between-day precision, accuracy, decision limit, matrix effect, and short-term analyte stability in the corresponding extracts. Both methods met the required performance criteria for detecting antimicrobial substances at cross-contamination levels, except for reduced sensitivity to lincomycin in the SPE method. Between-day precision was below 18 % and 19 %, with recoveries ranging from 95 to 103 %, for the method without SPE, and from 88 % to 101 % for the method with SPE, respectively. The analytes remained stable after two days of storage in the dark un-der two temperature conditions. These methods were applied to 39 poultry feed samples, revealing that approximately 41 % contained one or more antimicrobial substances, some of which exceeded the cross-contamination MLs. This study underscores the importance of simple, rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical methods for controlling the presence of antimicrobials at cross-contamination levels. Such methods enable stringent control to prevent uncontrolled antimicrobial use in poultry production systems, thereby mitigating the development of antimicrobial resistance.

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