Intense Innate Immune Responses and Severe Metabolic Disorders in Chicken Embryonic Visceral Tissues Caused by Infection with Highly Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Compared to the Avirulent Virus: A Bioinformatics Analysis
Journal
Viruses
Date Issued
2022-04-27
Author(s)
Shanyu Cheng
Xinxin Liu
Jiaqi Mu
Weiwen Yan
Mengjun Wang
Haoran Chai
Yuxin Sha
Shanshan Jiang
SijieWang
Yongning Ren
Chao Gao
Zhuang Ding
Tobias Stoeger
Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir
Aleksandar Dodovski
Pastor Alfonso
Claro N. Mingala
Renfu Yin
DOI
10.3390/ v14050911
Abstract
The highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates typically result in severe systemic
pathological changes and high mortality in Newcastle disease (ND) illness, whereas avirulent
or low-virulence NDV strains can cause subclinical disease with no morbidity and even asymptomatic
infections in birds. However, understanding the host’s innate immune responses to infection
with either a highly virulent strain or an avirulent strain, and how this response may contribute
to severe pathological damages and even mortality upon infection with the highly virulent strain,
remain limited. Therefore, the differences in epigenetic and pathogenesis mechanisms between the
highly virulent and avirulent strains were explored, by transcriptional profiling of chicken embryonic
visceral tissues (CEVT), infected with either the highly virulent NA-1 strain or the avirulent vaccine
LaSota strain using RNA-seq. In our current paper, severe systemic pathological changes and high
mortality were only observed in chicken embryos infected with the highly virulent NA-1 strains,
although the propagation of viruses exhibited no differences between NA-1 and LaSota. Furthermore,
virulent NA-1 infection caused intense innate immune responses and severe metabolic disorders in
chicken EVT at 36 h post-infection (hpi), instead of 24 hpi, based on the bioinformatics analysis results
for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NA-1 and LaSota groups. Notably, an acute
hyperinflammatory response, characterized by upregulated inflammatory cytokines, an uncontrolled
host immune defense with dysregulated innate immune response-related signaling pathways, as well as severe metabolic disorders with the reorganization of host–cell metabolism were involved
in the host defense response to the CEVT infected with the highly virulent NA-1 strain compared
to the avirulent vaccine LaSota strain. Taken together, these results indicate that not only the host’s
uncontrolled immune response itself, but also the metabolic disorders with viruses hijacking host cell
metabolism, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the highly virulent strain in ovo.
pathological changes and high mortality in Newcastle disease (ND) illness, whereas avirulent
or low-virulence NDV strains can cause subclinical disease with no morbidity and even asymptomatic
infections in birds. However, understanding the host’s innate immune responses to infection
with either a highly virulent strain or an avirulent strain, and how this response may contribute
to severe pathological damages and even mortality upon infection with the highly virulent strain,
remain limited. Therefore, the differences in epigenetic and pathogenesis mechanisms between the
highly virulent and avirulent strains were explored, by transcriptional profiling of chicken embryonic
visceral tissues (CEVT), infected with either the highly virulent NA-1 strain or the avirulent vaccine
LaSota strain using RNA-seq. In our current paper, severe systemic pathological changes and high
mortality were only observed in chicken embryos infected with the highly virulent NA-1 strains,
although the propagation of viruses exhibited no differences between NA-1 and LaSota. Furthermore,
virulent NA-1 infection caused intense innate immune responses and severe metabolic disorders in
chicken EVT at 36 h post-infection (hpi), instead of 24 hpi, based on the bioinformatics analysis results
for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NA-1 and LaSota groups. Notably, an acute
hyperinflammatory response, characterized by upregulated inflammatory cytokines, an uncontrolled
host immune defense with dysregulated innate immune response-related signaling pathways, as well as severe metabolic disorders with the reorganization of host–cell metabolism were involved
in the host defense response to the CEVT infected with the highly virulent NA-1 strain compared
to the avirulent vaccine LaSota strain. Taken together, these results indicate that not only the host’s
uncontrolled immune response itself, but also the metabolic disorders with viruses hijacking host cell
metabolism, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the highly virulent strain in ovo.
Subjects
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