Institute of Agriculture

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Study on the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of grape juices from white grapevine varieties
(Journal of Central European Agriculture, 2025)
DIMITROV, Dimitar
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YANEVA, Teodora
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ILIEV, Anatoli
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Economic aspects of honey bee queen breeding: insights from a European study
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-06-14)
Dimitrov, Lazo
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Costa, Cecilia
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Meixner, Marina D.
In 2017, the European Commission initiated the EurBeST study to explore the possibilities of using selective breeding of honey bees to increase Varroa resistance traits. One of the specific aims of the study was to assess the process of honey bee queen breeding through an economic analysis. The methodology for calculating the costs of queen production (queen rearing and mating), colony evaluation and expenses for estimating breeding values is based on the Cost of Production (CoP). Cost data were collected via tailor-made questionnaires and interviews performed in five European countries (France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Poland). The sample population consisted of 20 queen producers and 20 performance testers who participated in the study. The results showed that the average costs for queen production amounted to 22.58 e per queen, ranging from 8.22 e in Poland to 37.30 e in France. The difference between the selling price and the production cost was on average 3.08 e per queen, ranging from 15.86 e in Germany to −12.30 e in France. On average, the colony evaluation costs were 193.40 e per colony. The average cost for breeding value estimation per queen was 8.09 e. Thus, the average total cost per selected queen was 224 e. The selective breeding of honey bees is an efficient way to increase productivity, reduce colony losses, improve bee health and enable profitable operations, but it is expensive, is usually promoted, practiced and implemented by scientists and researchers, and in most cases is financed by external sources.
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Effect of Grafting and Growing Environment on Yield Performance of Two Bell Pepper Cultivars
(Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 2024-12)
Albina Kika Krasniqi
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Biljana Drvoshanova
Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are a globally significant vegetable, particularly valuable in the Mediterranean and Balkan regions due to their diverse uses and nutritional benefits. They are produced in open fields, as well as greenhouses. Climate change and intensive production practices pose challenges to pepper cultivation, such as increased biotic and abiotic stresses, requiring new strategies for increased yield and quality. Grafting, a technique of combining elite vegetable varieties with specific rootstocks, has emerged as a promising solution to enhance yields and resilience. This study evaluated the impact of grafting and growing environments on the yield of two bell pepper hybrids, Gelby F1 and Vedrana F1, grafted onto three commercial rootstocks under greenhouse and open field conditions. The results indicated that grafted plants, especially those on the SM Tant rootstock, generally outperformed non-grafted plants in terms of fruit mass, number of fruits per plant and marketable yield. The greenhouse environment favoured larger and heavier fruits. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting compatible rootstock/scion combinations to optimize yield and quality in specific growing conditions.
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Factors Influencing Rural Youth Migration in North Macedonia
(The Faculty of Agriculture, University in Banja Luka, 2024)
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Popovska Stojanov, Despina
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The migration of young people from rural to urban areas poses a significant challenge to the sustainable development of rural communities in North Macedonia, leading to an aging population and diminished natural growth. This trend exacerbates socioeconomic inequalities, fostering social insecurity and the exclusion of rural youth. The far-reaching consequences of this migration influence both urban and rural landscapes across various developmental domains. To that end, this research aims to investigate the impact of main socioeconomic factors on rural youth migration. A survey of 550 rural residents aged 18-40 addressed was conducted using a tailored questionnaire. The data collection approach ensured nationwide diversity across all Macedonian planning regions, nationalities, genders and village types. Data processing involved the application of standard descriptive analysis and a binary logistic regression approach. Key findings show that factors such as gender, marital status, region, nationality, education, employment and having family agricultural holdings do not significantly impact rural youth migration. On the contrary, having children, household size, perceptions of employment opportunities, urban or rural lifestyle preferences and overall rating the quality of life in rural areas exhibit notable significance. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of the complexities surrounding rural youth migration. In conclusion, the logistic regression model serves as a powerful tool to pinpoint crucial factors influencing rural youth migration. These insights provide a solid foundation for shaping targeted policies, essential for retaining and supporting rural youth and fostering sustainable development in both urban and rural areas of North Macedonia.
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SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION PRACTICES FOR MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) CROP
(Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (JAFES), 2023-06)
Drvoshanova Biljana
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Bandzo Oreshkovikj Katerina
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Poposka Hristina
This study investigates the potential of integrating sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate climate change impacts on the cultivation of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the arid regions. Climate-induced challenges such as desertification have further aggravated the issue of pepper cultivation. The experiment was executed in Kochani region in 2021, employing a randomized block design with five different fertilizer treatments including a notable biofertilizer, Trichoderma harzianum. The agronomic parameters such as fruit length, diameter, mass, pericarp thickness, and yield have been analysed. The mixed fertilization treatment (MIX) illustrated a significant enhancement in fruit dimensions and yield, whereas the Trichoderma treatment (TRICH) exhibited a notable reduction in non-marketable fruits. The findings validate that the incorporation of Trichoderma with organic and mineral fertilizers not only bolsters plant growth and yield, but also strengthens climate resilience in pepper cultivation. This increases the understanding of biofertilizer utilization in sustainable agriculture, especially in regions struggling with climate adversities. Furthermore, the study underpins the necessity for advanced knowledge in leveraging live organisms like Trichoderma for increasing agricultural productivity and climate resilience in arid regions.
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PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF LOCAL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) VARIETIES INTENDED FOR DEHYDRATION
(Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (JAFES), 2023-06)
Drvoshanova Biljana
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Ivanovska Sonja
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Jankulovska Mirjana
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Popsimonova Gordana
Peppers are one of the most divergent group of vegetables globally. In part of the Balkan region, but mostly in Macedonia there are distinct local varieties, intended for drying as a whole fruit on strings and are used in traditional dishes, processed foods and as condiments. A collection of 21 local pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties intended for drying in traditional manner, was evaluated for 26 plant traits. The Principal Component Analysis yielded 5 principal components with eigenvalue > 1, explaining 81.48 % of the variability. The first two principal components were highly corelated with 8 plant traits (FL – fruit length, FWg – fruit weight (g), PL – pedicel length (cm), PT – pericarp thickness (mm), PW – plant width (cm), LL – leaf length (cm), DFL-days to flowering, DFR – days to fruiting). The cluster analysis, based on those traits was performed and resulted in grouping the accession into three clusters. The first included accessions with highest values for the analysed traits, while the third cluster included accessions with lowest values for days to fruiting and maturity. The initial characterization of the investigated pepper germplasm, based on qualitative and quantitative plant traits, revealed high variability among the accessions.
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The structure of rural households’ income in North Macedonia - A case study in Polog and Pelagonija
(University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, 2023-09-29)
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Popovska Stojanov, Despina
Contemporary trends in rural economic development go beyond the concept that agriculture and food production are the only functions of the rural economy and move towards a broader concept that covers all resources in the rural area, including non-agricultural activities. This paper examines rural households’ economic diversification focusing on their income structure and its impact on their well-being. The paper is based on а questionnaire survey conducted in the year 2018, through direct visits and interviews of 140 rural households from two statistical regions in North Macedonia, Pelagonija and Polog, with carefully designed study’s sample selection methodology to capture the household characteristics. The household income structure is measured as net incomes from all on-farm and off-farm activities and other financial transfers for one calendar year. The analysis has shown that the households which have only one type of income source (I. households with on-farm incomes only from agricultural activities, II. households with on-farm incomes only from non-agricultural activities) have much lower financial success than ones with mixed income sources, while non-agricultural rural households achieve the least success. In addition, households with mixed income sources, including incomes from agriculture, have better financial results than other households with mixed income sources, which do not comprise agricultural incomes. Hence, the challenge for policymakers is to identify the best mechanism to promote rural households’ economic portfolio, with a well-balanced synergy between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, based on agriculture at the centre of rural development, as complementary engines to tackle rural poverty and provide food security.
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Aromatic profile of Macedonian and Bulgarian red wines from local variety Vranec and hybrid variety Kaylashki Rubin
(2022)
Dimitar Dimitrov; Dushko Nedelkovski
Introduction. The aim of the present study was to define the aromatic profile of Bulgarian and Macedonian red wines obtained from the local variety Vranec and the hybrid variety Kaylashki Rubin. Materials and methods. Gas chromatographic (GC MS) study to define the aromatic profile of red wines from the local variety Vranec (grown in the Republic of Macedonia) and the hybrid variety Kaylashki Rubin (grown in the Republic of Bulgaria) was conducted. Results and discussion. 1-pentanol was dominated in the fraction of higher alcohols in both wines. Other aroma compounds identified were 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1- butanol, 1-hexanol, and 3-methylthio -1-propanol. The wine of the Vranec variety showed greater complexity in terms of this fraction, as in it 3-hexen-1-ol was identified, which was not present in the wine of Kaylashki Rubin. High amount of the aromatic alcohol – phenylethanol – was identified in both wines. This compound had great importance for their floral aroma. The ester fraction of the two wines was diverse, represented by isopentyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl decanoate and diethyl malate. The Vranec wine showed greater ester complexity, as in it two more ester representatives were identified – ethyl-2-hydrobutyrate and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-diethyl ester. In both wines, one fatty acid was identified – heptanoic acid, in very low concentrations. According to the panelist both wines were very harmonious in their own way and had their typical notes as expected for the both varieties. In overall, the descriptive analyses confirmed the components determined by the GC MS and gave a clear view about the aroma profile of both varieties. Conclusions. Both wines showed a diverse, balanced aromatic profile, each of which, based on the peculiarities of its volatile composition. Meanwhile, each wine had individual aromatic properties.
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The weed and weedy rice impact on direct seeded rice production in North Macedonia
(Agricultural Academy of Bulgaria (Земјоделска Академија на Бугарија), 2022)
Dimitrovski, Trajche
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Atanasovska, Katerina
A study from 2017 to 2019 in 10 vilages in the rice producing region of North Macedonia was undertaken to estimate the effect of weed flora on some productive rice properties. The common production technology was implemented. Rice was direct seeded in wet conditons. The weed managent included water bed regulation in combination with herbicide application. The following properties were investigated in three replications: density and infestation of the total weeds, weedy rice and other weed species, crop density, biological, straw and paddy rice yield, harvest index and head rice yield. The results were pooled in 5 groups depending on the weed infestation level. A correlation analysis revaled significant negative effect of the total weeds and the weedy rice component on the crop density, biological yield, harvest index and paddy rice yield. The weeds controled with herbicides were not significanlty correlated and affected the productive properties indirectly as a contributing factor in the total weed density. Low infestation (0.01% to 1.00%) caused drop in paddy rice yield of 6.73%. The most severe cases of weed infestation (15.01% to 25.00%) averaged 100.08 weed tillers/m2 and caused paddy yield drop of 35.30%. These field parcels were located in a region with extensive monoculture, where weedy rice populations constituted 90.68% of the total weed flora, or 90.75 panicles/m2 against 9.33 tillers/m2 from other weed species. Some weedy rice morphotypes were easily distinguished against cultivated rice in field conditions as early as anthesis, while others were more difficult to recognize. This study confirms weedy rice as a serious threat for the direct seeded rice production in the region, and addresses the need to investigate its biology and the most suitable management practices.
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TIMING OF INOCULATION WITH SELECTED WINE BACTERIA ON THE KINETICS OF MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF VRANEC WINE FROM TIKVESH WINE REGION
(Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, 2019)
Goran Milanov
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Dushko Nedekovski
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Milena Taseski-Gjorgjijevski
The aim of this investigation is to determine the influence of timing of inoculation of four different lactic bacterias by co inoculation during the fermentation and post-fermentation of Vranec variety, to obtain more balanced wines with refined aromas. VP 41, ML Prime, O-Mega and PN4 are the types of commercial available lactic bacterias produced by Lallemand producer, used in malolactic fermentation (MLF) of wine Vranec. The kinetic of transformation of malic into lactic acid was measured. Also, chemical composition of wine (alcohol strength, specific gravity, total extract, total acids, volatile acids, pH, free and total SO2) wasperformed. The sensory descriptive analysis was performed. Seven wine experts were involved for the descriptive evaluation of the investigated wines.

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