Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

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VALIDATION PROTOCOL FOR DETERMINATION OF FUMONISINS IN CORN
(Ss. CYRIL AND METHODIUS UNIVERSITY IN SKOPJE FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE - SKOPJE, 2022-09-22)
Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Fumonisins are a group of at least 15 closely related mycotoxins produced principally by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Fumonisin B1 is the most frequently found in food products (especially corn) representing 70–80% of the total of fumonisin content and, together with FB2 and FB3, seem to be the major fumonisin due to its toxic properties. It is most important in veterinary medicine as a cause of leukoencephalomalacia in horses, liver cancer in rats, and porcine pulmonary edema. In areas of high maize consumption fumonisins may be responsible for esophageal cancer in humans. FB1 is classifi ed as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC group 2B). As an animal and human health threat, fumonisins are regulated by legislation worldwide. Maximum limits for the total content of fumonisins have been established in the EU in maize and maize based products (EC No 1126/2007). Among various analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins, ELISA method is still the method of choice for screening purposes. The aim of this paper was to test and validate a commercial ELISA kit for determination of fumonisins. The validation procedure was performed in compliance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. For linearity test, six standard solutions were used in a concentration range of 0 – 2 mg/kg and a satisfactory coefficient of correlation was found. The LOD was accomplished from the measurement of the background response from 20 blank corn samples and it was found to be 50 μg/kg. The determination of trueness was performed by means of an analysis of six replicates of the CRM and the obtained value was 83.5%. Recovery, the other accuracy parameter, was achieved by fortifying blank samples at level of one-half of MRL and the obtained value was 112.6%. The both values (trueness and recovery) were in accordance to the performance criteria. CCβ was established by analyzing at least 20 blank samples fortified at level one-half of MRL and the achieved value was 0.63 ± 0.31 mg/kg. Repeatability was estimated using the data from the recovery and the RSDr was 17.33%. The within-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) of the method was 27.8% which is in accordance to the EU validation criteria. The realised validation protocol shows that this rapid ELISA method is simple, because it employs staff with lesser technical training; easier, it saves time and costs, saves investments in complex instruments and it is accurate. It can be implemented for routine analysis of fumonisins.
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NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN SOME VEGETABLES COMMONLY USED IN THE CITY OF SKOPJE (MACEDONIA)
(International Scientific Publications, 2022-09-18)
Aleksandra Angeleska
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Radmila Crceva-Nikolovska
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Vasilka Poposka-Trenevska
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Katerina Blagoevska
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Analysis of wheat production in the Republic of North Macedonia from 2016-2019
(Institute of Agricultural Economics, 2021-09)
Aleksandra Angeleska
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Risto Uzunov
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Radmila Crceva-Nikolovska
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Katrina Blagoevska
Corn, wheat and other different types of cereal crops, are one of the basic nutritional products in general, which have essential and vast application in the daily diet of people around the world. Cereal crops are the most important food sources, and cereal-based food is the main source of energy, protein, B vitamins and minerals for the world population. Therefore, the goal of this research is to analyze the production of wheat on arable land in the Republic of North Macedonia, as an agricultural country, which will indirectly help to draw conclusions about the impact on the economic structure of the population, their standard of living, the investment and economic fluctuations in market prices, taken as a sui generis element, set as an assumption ceteris paribus against the other determinants and factors that affect the national economy in the Republic of North Macedonia.
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RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN SOME MUSHROOM SPECIES COLLECTED FROM MACEDONIA AND CONSEQUENT DOSES
(Faculty of Agriculture (University of East Sarajevo), 2022-03-01)
Aleksandra Angeleska
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Radmila Crceva-Nikolovska
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Katerina Blagoevska
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
Mushrooms are bioindicators in the environment that accumulate radionuclides, therefore they can pose a radiological threat. In the Republic of Macedonia, mushrooms are widely consumed as a part of the diet, for this reason their radiological control is required. In this research, the activity concentrations in different types of mushrooms (Boletus edulis, Marasmius oreades, Morchela conica, Lactarius deliciosus) were determined. The mushrooms were collected from six different locations in the Republic of Macedonia, and information on the radiation dose for the general population were obtained with this measurement. The analyses were performed by means of HPGe gamma spectrometry, i.e. an instrument - gamma spectrometer (Canbera Packard) with a high purity germanium detector. The obtained spectra from the measurement were analyzed by using the GENIE 2000 program. On the basis of the performed tests, the mean values for the activity concentrations in the mushrooms were as follows 41.9±1.2 Bq kg − 1 for 226Ra, 40.3±1.8 Bq kg − 1 for 232Th, 83.75±6.2 Bq kg − 1 for 40K, and 2.34±0.24 Bq kg − 1 for 137Сs. The mean value of the radiation risk index Heks is lower than the maximum allowed value which is <1 for Heks. The value of the radium equivalent activity Raeq is below the maximum recommended limit, i.e. 370 Bq kg-1. Significant variations were not observed in regard to the activity concentrations of 137Cs and 40K in the same mushroom species from different sampling points. High activity concentrations of 137Cs activity were not detected in any of the mushrooms. The researches in this study show that all mushroom samples pose no biological threat, i.e. it was found that the analyzed radionuclides do not pose a health risk and the levels are below the international standards.
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Activity concentration of natural radionuclides in chicken feeds in the Republic of North Macedonia
(Croatian Agronomic Society, 2022-04-20)
Aleksandra Angeleska
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Radmila Crceva-Nikolovska
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Katerina Blagoevska
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Radionuclide contamination and nutritional evaluation of the wheat mostly used in the Republic of North Macedonia
(University of Banjaluka, Faculty of agriculture, 2022-06-30)
Aleksandra Angeleska
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Radmila Crceva-Nikolovska
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
Wheat is one of the world's most commonly consumed cereal grains. It originates from a type of grass (Triticum) that is grown in countless varieties worldwide. Bread wheat or common wheat is a primary species. Several other closely related species include durum, spelt, emmer, einkorn, and Khorasan wheat. In addition to being a major source of starch and energy, wheat also provides substantial amounts of a number of components which are essential or beneficial for health, notably proteins, vitamins (notably B vitamins), dietary fibres, and phytochemicals. Wheat is a basic food product of Macedonian population. This study is mainly focused on measuring the concentration of radioactivity due to natural radioactive nuclides (226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K) in wheat grain samples, as well as on determining the quality of wheat used in daily diet. In addition, in this study we calculated radiation hazard indices (radium equivalent activity and internal hazard index) in the wheat sample. Average activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K in the wheat samples were 0.57±0.14; 0.39±0.11; 96.55±0.86 (Bq·kg-1), respectively. The radiation hazard indices were calculated for all samples in this study where mean values did not exceed safety limits, pointing out to negligible radiation hazard arising from terrestrial radionuclides that are naturally present in wheat. In terms of quality, we confirmed that all tested samples meet the requirements regarding quality in accordance with the laws in our country.
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STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A MULTI-TOXIN IMMUNOAFFINITYCLEAN-UP FOR RELIABLE COST-EFFECTIVE HPLC-FLD ANALYSISOF MYCOTOXINS IN CORN-BASED FOODS
(Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 2022-06-20)
Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
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Risto Uzunov
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Aleksandra Angeleska
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Katrina Blagoevska
A different, reliable, and cost-effective strategy for the analysis of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in corn-based foods was proposed, including one multi-toxin immunoaffinity column (IAC) sample preparation and three different high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection methods. The analytical procedures were tested and verified, keeping in mind their occurrence at trace levels in corn-based foods. With the validation of the proposed multi-toxin IAC methodology and comparison of the performance characteristics with methods using a single-toxin IAC, we confirmed the reliability of the multi-toxin IAC procedure versus the single-toxin IAC. The methods were validated by revealing satisfactory performance characteristics; for example, the obtained values of limit of detection were significantly lower than the maximum limits for all mycotoxins of concern. In addition, the recovery values were between 70.9 % and 106.1 % for all mycotoxins of interest, with precision values lower than 10.5 %.
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Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products Consumed by Population in North Macedonia
(Shahd Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences@ Health Services, 2022-06-30)
Gordana Ilievska
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Dushica Koceva
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Goran Stojkovic
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Aleksandra Angeleska
Background: Aflatoxins (AFs), as secondary metabolites, are mainly produced by fungi of Aspergillus genus. The determination of contamination rate, dietary exposure, and health risk assessment for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was conducted aimed to estimate potential health risks for the population of North Macedonia. Methods: A total of 974 dairy samples, including 404 Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) milk, 291 ice cream, 178 yogurt, and 101 cheese were collected from the markets in North Macedonia. Analysis of AFM1 was done using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection Results: The AFM1 incidence was highest in yogurt samples (93.8%) and lowest in UHT milk samples (67.8%). AFM1 concentrations were 49.1±68.4, 30.9±30.0, 35.1±40.4, and 40.1±90.1 ng/kg for UHT milk, ice cream, yogurt, and cheese samples, respectively. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for the average population and high consumers (upper bound; samples with AFM1
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Investigetion of the cultivation influence on the levels of natural radionucleides in soil from the surrounding of the city of Skopje.
(Society of physicists of Macedonia DFRM, 2017-04-28)
Aleksandra Angjeleska
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Two year post incidence survey on the aflatoxin M1 occurrence in raw milk from the Republic of Macedonia
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia, 2016-09-24)
Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Gordana Arsova
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Goran Stojkovikj
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Aleksandra Angjeleska

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