Institute of Agriculture

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Assessment of seed viability of Oryza sativa L. accessions in long-term storage after more than a decade
(University of Banja Luka, 2023-11-05)
Mitrushev, Ivo
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Spaseva, Brankica
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Andreevska, Danica
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Andov, Dobre
;
Gjosheva Kovachevikj Marija
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the seed viability of 16 Oryza sativa L. accessions including valuable endangered landraces, a breeder’s line, and an advanced/improved cultivar after 13-14 years of long-term storage. Preservation of seed samples has been conducted ex-situ at low temperatures (-18°C). The germination test (germination energy and total germination) was carried out according to ISTA methods and Kameswara (2006). Furthermore, the following variables were examined: the germination index, root length, shoot length, root-to-shoot length ratio, total seedling length, and seed vigour index. The Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the linear relationship between the vigour index and seedling length. All the sixteen accessions have had a high total germination rate, in the range of 89-100%, hence there is no need for their regeneration. The germination energy and total germination showed statistically significant differences for two rice accessions at P-0.05 and P-0.01. The seed showing a high vigour index produced seedlings with higher growth rates. The Pearson correlation of the vigour index and seedling length was found to be very highly positive and statistically significant (r=0.99, p<0.001). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that rice as a botanical species retains high seed viability during the long-term conservation, although there are individual differences between the accessions which are due to the genetic constitution of each genotype.
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A comparative analysis of sensory and chemical properties of grape rakija from different Macedonian producers
(University of Banja Luka, 2026-03-05)
Rajchin, Viktor
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Gjosheva Kovachevikj Marija
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Korunovska, Biljana
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Beleski, Klime
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Taseska-gjorgjijevski Milena
Rakija is a strong alcoholic beverage, deeply rooted in Macedonian cultural heritage, where quality varies significantly between industrial, small-scale, and traditional home producers. This study evaluated sensory and chemical differences among three types of producers using 30 samples of rakija from grapes (10 per group). The chemical analysis included gas chromatography (GC) for volatile compounds and analytical methods for alcohol content, specific gravity, and extract. The sensory analysis was performed by a trained panel (6 assessors) following OIV 100-point scoring scale. Spearman’s rank correlation was used for statistical data analysis. Sensory results revealed greater variability in odour and taste (CV 14–29%). Isobutanol showed a significant negative correlation with quality (ρ = -0.43 to -0.46, p < 0.017), while extreme variability in esters (CV >100%, ethyl acetate up to 5,654 mg/L) and furfural (CV 383%) was detected. In contrast, the extract content positively influenced the balance (ρ = 0.43–0.50, p < 0.017) in all of the samples. Between the producer’s groups, the traditional samples had more unpleasant aromas due to improper distillation and fermentation, as confirmed by the chemical analysis results where ethyl acetate reached up to 5,654 mg/L. Routine sensory-chemical correlations can aid quality assessment, linking traditional heritage with modern distillation methods in Macedonian rakija production.
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Economic aspects of honey bee queen breeding: insights from a European study
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-06-14)
Dimitrov, Lazo
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Costa, Cecilia
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Meixner, Marina D.
In 2017, the European Commission initiated the EurBeST study to explore the possibilities of using selective breeding of honey bees to increase Varroa resistance traits. One of the specific aims of the study was to assess the process of honey bee queen breeding through an economic analysis. The methodology for calculating the costs of queen production (queen rearing and mating), colony evaluation and expenses for estimating breeding values is based on the Cost of Production (CoP). Cost data were collected via tailor-made questionnaires and interviews performed in five European countries (France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Poland). The sample population consisted of 20 queen producers and 20 performance testers who participated in the study. The results showed that the average costs for queen production amounted to 22.58 e per queen, ranging from 8.22 e in Poland to 37.30 e in France. The difference between the selling price and the production cost was on average 3.08 e per queen, ranging from 15.86 e in Germany to −12.30 e in France. On average, the colony evaluation costs were 193.40 e per colony. The average cost for breeding value estimation per queen was 8.09 e. Thus, the average total cost per selected queen was 224 e. The selective breeding of honey bees is an efficient way to increase productivity, reduce colony losses, improve bee health and enable profitable operations, but it is expensive, is usually promoted, practiced and implemented by scientists and researchers, and in most cases is financed by external sources.
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Effect of Grafting and Growing Environment on Yield Performance of Two Bell Pepper Cultivars
(Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 2024-12)
Albina Kika Krasniqi
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Biljana Drvoshanova
Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are a globally significant vegetable, particularly valuable in the Mediterranean and Balkan regions due to their diverse uses and nutritional benefits. They are produced in open fields, as well as greenhouses. Climate change and intensive production practices pose challenges to pepper cultivation, such as increased biotic and abiotic stresses, requiring new strategies for increased yield and quality. Grafting, a technique of combining elite vegetable varieties with specific rootstocks, has emerged as a promising solution to enhance yields and resilience. This study evaluated the impact of grafting and growing environments on the yield of two bell pepper hybrids, Gelby F1 and Vedrana F1, grafted onto three commercial rootstocks under greenhouse and open field conditions. The results indicated that grafted plants, especially those on the SM Tant rootstock, generally outperformed non-grafted plants in terms of fruit mass, number of fruits per plant and marketable yield. The greenhouse environment favoured larger and heavier fruits. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting compatible rootstock/scion combinations to optimize yield and quality in specific growing conditions.
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME AUTOCHTHONOUS FRUIT SPECIES FROM MACEDONIA
(JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND PLANT SCIENCES, JAPS, 2023)
Ana Selamovska
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Milena Taseska- Gjorgjijevski
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Aleksandar Markovski
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Biljana Korunoska
The scope of this paper is determination of the content of soluble dry matters, total sugar, total acids, invert sugar and citric, malic, tartaric and lactic acid in some autochthonous fruit species: pomegranate (Zumnarija, Bejnarija, Valandovska kisela, Valandovska kiselo-slatka, Hidjas, Kisela, Lifanka, Ropkavec), apple (Ubavo cvetka, Shareno blago, Prespanka, Tetovka, Karapasha, Kozharka, Bela Tetovka) and cherry (Ohridska brza, Ohridska rana, Ohridska crna, Dolga shishka, Dalbazlija, Ohridska bela). Comparative studies were performed in relation to the standard varieties (Karamustafa-pomegranate, Idared-apple and Bigaro burlatcherry). Pomegranate fruits have the highest content of soluble dry matters (15.6%), total sugars (149 g/L) and total acids (20.1 g/L). The highest content of invert sugar was observed in pomegranate (113 g/L which means 76.3% of total sugar). In apple and cherry fruits, malic acid dominates (above 5 g/L), while in pomegranate fruits, citric and malic acids are almost equally represented. Tartaric acid is present only in apple fruits (0.383 g/L). Lactic acid was not found in all fruit species. A strong positive correlation was found between soluble dry matter and total sugar with coefficient of determination R2 = 60%. A moderate positive correlation exists between the contents of total and invert sugar with coefficient of determination R2 = 20%, between total acids and invert sugar with coefficient of determination R2 = 22% and between the content of malic and citric acid with coefficient of determination R2 = 30%. A strong negative correlation was found between the content of total acid and malic acid with coefficient of determination R2 = 37% and very strong negative correlation between malic acid and invert sugar with coefficient of determination R2 =77%.
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INFLUENCE OF THE GENOTYPE ON THE POLYPHENOLIC COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME BERRY FRUITS
(Genetika, 2024)
Ana SELAMOVSKA
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Elizabeta MISKOSKA-MILEVSKA
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Milena TASESKA-GJORGJIJEVSKI
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Igor ILJOVSKI
The objective of this study was to analyze the content of vitamin C, total phenols, total anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and antioxidant activity in fruits of five berry fruit species: blackcurrant variety “Rosenthal”, white mulberry local ecotype, black chokeberry variety “Viking”, blackberry variety “Thornfree” and pomegranate autochthonous variety “Karamustafa”. Determination of vitamin C was performed by classical analytical method. Total phenols, total anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and antioxidant activity were analysed by spectrophotometric methods. The obtained results from the analysis for berry fruits showed high antioxidant activity, over 70% and high content of polyphenols. According to the genotype, black chokeberry had the highest content of total phenols (23.9 mg g-1 FW (fresh weight), anthocyanins (6.1 mg g-1 FW) and flavan-3-ols (2.8 mg g-1 FW). Blackcurrant had highest content of vitamin C (216.0 mg 100 g-1 FW) and antioxidant activity (86.2% inhibition). A positive correlation was found among all the studied fruit species. A strong positive correlation of vitamin C with antioxidant activity was determined, as well as between total phenols and total anthocyanins, i.e. flavan-3-ols. A weak negative correlation was only observed for catechin in relation to vitamin C, inhibitory antioxidant activity and vitamin C antioxidant activity.
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Effect of foliar calcium and nitrogen treatments on yield and fruit quality of table grapes cv. Cardinal
(Agro-knowledge Journal, 2023)
Poposka, Hristina
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Mukaetov, Dusko
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Nedelkovski, Dusko
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Gjorgjijevska, T., Milena
The foliar fertilization has been used as an important agrotechnical measure to avoid deficiencies and to improve quality. During the three consecutive years, a study has been performed on Vitis vinifera L. (cv. ‘Cardinal’) to examine whether a yield and grape berry quality have been affected by the foliar application of Ca and N fertilizers. A liquid mineral fertilizer containing 40% Ca(NO₃)₂ as Variant I and 31% N with 0,015 % Fe-chelate; 0,01 % Mg – chelat as Variant II (in text) has been sprayed four times during the growing period (before and after blooming, buckshot berries, and verasion). Results showed that foliar application of calcium and nitrogen increased the yield of table grapes in all three years of research, in comparison with a control variant. The highest yields of grapes in all three years of investigations were achieved in Variant II – 4.57 kg/vine (14.85 t/ha). During the tree years of investigations, the largest mass of grape bunch and berries were recorded in Variant II (382g and 368.68g), while the lowest cluster weight was in the control variant (344g and 330.92g). With a reference to the mechanical properties of the grape berries, the highest resistance to pressure (2229.70g) and breaking resistance (364.52g) were found in Variant I, treated with Ca fertilizer. The foliar application significantly affects the mechanical properties (resistance of the berry to pressure and breaking), especially in Variant I. The application of different types of foliar fertilizers did not have any significant effect on sugar contents and total acids, compared with the control variant.
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Spatial assessment of the soil organic carbon content under different types of land use in the Ohrid valley
(Agro-knowledge Journal, 2023)
Mukaetov, Dusko
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Poposka, Hristina
Spatial assessment of key soil properties is a basic prerequisite for the evidence-based decision making and sustainable use and management of soil. The aim of this work was to estimate the spatial distribution of SOC under different types of land use, by the means of Digital Soil Mapping techniques. A site-specific soil data collection for the Ohrid valley was integrated with continuous and discrete datasets of environmental covariates, serving as predictors. The selected test area outlines the variability of factors influencing the SOC content and spatial distribution. Soil sampling locations were randomly distributed within a predefined mesh with a 1-sq.km spatial resolution and further stratified to outline different types of land use within each mash square. Soil samples were collected from 93 locations at three depths, each 20 cm apart, covering the total area of 10 thousand ha of arable land, forestland, and land under natural vegetation. A set of additional environmental dataset was collected, namely the soil map, land use map, geology map, digital terrain model and its derivatives, satellite images, climate data, as well as a set of indices NDVI, SAVI, BI etc., developed from the remote sensing datasets. Multiple linear regression was used for evaluating the regression pattern between the environmental predictors and the target variable. To estimate spatial variability, several regression tree methods were used. The results obtained using this approach have given a better spatial overview of the most vulnerable areas regarding SOC depletion. Out of 21 locations examined, the content of soil organic carbon in the top layer (0-20 cm.) of forestland was on average 6.81%, while at 22 locations examined under grassland, the average content was 4.07%. The arable land, which is under continuous human impact, had the lowest content of SOC of 2.5% under field crops and 2.61% under perennials.
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Effect of foliar calcium and nitrogen treatments on yield and fruit quality of table grapes cv. Cardinal
(Agro-knowledge Journal, 2023)
Poposka, Hristina
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Mukaetov, Dusko
;
Nedelkovski, Dusko
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Gjorgjijevska, T., Milena
Spatial assessment of key soil properties is a basic prerequisite for the evidence-based decision making and sustainable use and management of soil. The aim of this work was to estimate the spatial distribution of SOC under different types of land use, by the means of Digital Soil Mapping techniques. A site-specific soil data collection for the Ohrid valley was integrated with continuous and discrete datasets of environmental covariates, serving as predictors. The selected test area outlines the variability of factors influencing the SOC content and spatial distribution. Soil sampling locations were randomly distributed within a predefined mesh with a 1-sq.km spatial resolution and further stratified to outline different types of land use within each mash square. Soil samples were collected from 93 locations at three depths,each 20 cm apart,covering the total area of 10 thousand ha of arable land, forestland,and land under natural vegetation. A set of additional environmental dataset was collected, namely the soil map, land use map, geology map, digital terrain model and its erivatives, satellite images, climate data,as well as a set of indices NDVI, SAVI, BI etc., developed from the remote sensing datasets. Multiple linear regression was used for evaluating the regression pattern between the environmental predictors and the target variable. To estimat e spatia l variability,several regression tree methods were used. The results obtained using this approach have given a better spatial overview of the most vulnerable areas regarding SOC depletion.Out of 21 locations examined, the content of soil organic carbon in the top layer (0- 20 cm.) of forestland was on average 6.81%, while at 22 locations examined under grassland, the average content was 4.07%. The arable land, which is under continuous human impact, had the lowest content of SOC of 2.5% under field crops and 2.61% under perennials
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Effect of foliar chelated forms spraying on grape yield and mineral status of shoots
(Bulgarian Journal of Crop Science, 2024)
Poposka, Hristina
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Mukaetov, Dusko
The aim of this study was to evaluate the foliar chelated forms of Mg and Fe, on grape yield and mineral status of the shoots of vine cultivar Cardinal. Field trials were organized using a random block system with three variants, including a control (Variant I), each replicated three times. Foliar fertilizers were applied at a concentration of 0.5% on four occasions throughout the vegetation period: before and after blooming, during buckshot berry stage, and at the verasion stage. Over the ivestigation of three years, the application of foliar Mg and Fe fertilizers significantly influenced grape yield. The variant treated with Fe (VFe) demonstrated a higher average yield of 14.87 t/ha. Furthermore, a noticeable impact of foliar fertilizers on the concentration of analyzed elements in grapevine shoots was observed. Over the three-year period, the average content of macro elements, including nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and iron, was higher in the treated variants compared to the control. Additionally, results from shoot tissue analysis confirmed the existence of an antagonistic relationship between magnesium and potassium.

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