Institute of Agriculture

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The structure of rural households’ income in North Macedonia - A case study in Polog and Pelagonija
(University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, 2023-09-29)
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Popovska Stojanov, Despina
Contemporary trends in rural economic development go beyond the concept that agriculture and food production are the only functions of the rural economy and move towards a broader concept that covers all resources in the rural area, including non-agricultural activities. This paper examines rural households’ economic diversification focusing on their income structure and its impact on their well-being. The paper is based on а questionnaire survey conducted in the year 2018, through direct visits and interviews of 140 rural households from two statistical regions in North Macedonia, Pelagonija and Polog, with carefully designed study’s sample selection methodology to capture the household characteristics. The household income structure is measured as net incomes from all on-farm and off-farm activities and other financial transfers for one calendar year. The analysis has shown that the households which have only one type of income source (I. households with on-farm incomes only from agricultural activities, II. households with on-farm incomes only from non-agricultural activities) have much lower financial success than ones with mixed income sources, while non-agricultural rural households achieve the least success. In addition, households with mixed income sources, including incomes from agriculture, have better financial results than other households with mixed income sources, which do not comprise agricultural incomes. Hence, the challenge for policymakers is to identify the best mechanism to promote rural households’ economic portfolio, with a well-balanced synergy between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, based on agriculture at the centre of rural development, as complementary engines to tackle rural poverty and provide food security.
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The weed and weedy rice impact on direct seeded rice production in North Macedonia
(Agricultural Academy of Bulgaria (Земјоделска Академија на Бугарија), 2022)
Dimitrovski, Trajche
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Atanasovska, Katerina
A study from 2017 to 2019 in 10 vilages in the rice producing region of North Macedonia was undertaken to estimate the effect of weed flora on some productive rice properties. The common production technology was implemented. Rice was direct seeded in wet conditons. The weed managent included water bed regulation in combination with herbicide application. The following properties were investigated in three replications: density and infestation of the total weeds, weedy rice and other weed species, crop density, biological, straw and paddy rice yield, harvest index and head rice yield. The results were pooled in 5 groups depending on the weed infestation level. A correlation analysis revaled significant negative effect of the total weeds and the weedy rice component on the crop density, biological yield, harvest index and paddy rice yield. The weeds controled with herbicides were not significanlty correlated and affected the productive properties indirectly as a contributing factor in the total weed density. Low infestation (0.01% to 1.00%) caused drop in paddy rice yield of 6.73%. The most severe cases of weed infestation (15.01% to 25.00%) averaged 100.08 weed tillers/m2 and caused paddy yield drop of 35.30%. These field parcels were located in a region with extensive monoculture, where weedy rice populations constituted 90.68% of the total weed flora, or 90.75 panicles/m2 against 9.33 tillers/m2 from other weed species. Some weedy rice morphotypes were easily distinguished against cultivated rice in field conditions as early as anthesis, while others were more difficult to recognize. This study confirms weedy rice as a serious threat for the direct seeded rice production in the region, and addresses the need to investigate its biology and the most suitable management practices.
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INFLUENCE OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS TO THE PRODUCTION PRICE OF WINE GRAPES IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
(Faculty of Agriculture of the University of East Sarajevo, 2022-11-30)
Dimitrov, Lazo
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Popovska Stojanov, Despina
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Nedelkovski, Dushko
The grape production together with the wine industry contributes about 20% of the total agricultural GDP in the Republic of North Macedonia and occupation of around 30,000 rural households. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and the instability of the world situation, the prices of raw materials in agricultural production are constantly increasing. Hence, the main goal of this paper is to assess the impact of the global economic crisis on the production price of wine grape varieties. The main approach of the comparative analysis for the production prices between the reference years 2020 & 2021 and estimated 2022 is based on established normative calculations of grapes within the Institute of Agriculture. The total costs are calculated based on variable and fixed costs of grape production. The investment and inputs costs are collected by commercial companies, suppliers of raw materials and farmers. The findings demonstrate that the average production price of grapes at total costs for 2020 & 2021 accounts in average 0.30 EUR/kg. The results from the estimations of the production price of grapes for 2022 show increase by 20%, which implies that the economic crisis has a large impact on the viticulture and wine industry. It is anticipated that the socio-economic situation of grape producers will be negatively affected. Therefore, the public policies for development of this important sector for the Macedonian agriculture should correspond to the new situation.
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Effect of Orgalife Fertilizer on Some Quality Properties of the Seed and Growth Potential of Two Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivated in North Macedonia
(Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey, 2021-09)
Spaseva, Brankica
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Mitrushev, Ivo
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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Orgalife (liquid organic microbial fertilizer based on manure from californian earthworms) on the seeds of two rice varieties, San Andrea and Opale, obtained from three production years: 2018, 2019 and 2020. They were treated with three different concentrations (3.3%, 6.7% and 9.9%) compared to control (distilled water). Germination energy, total seed germination, germination index, seedlings growth (root length, shoot length, dry seedling weight) and vigor index (I and II) were examined. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and separation of means was performed using the LSD test at P=0.05 and P=0.01 significance level. The values of all treatments for all parameters were compared with the control. Germination energy and total germination for Opale in 2020 showed statistical significance for the 3.3% concentration at P=0.05, while for San Andrea the same significance was noticed only for the germination energy. Germination index for Opale gave statistically significant results only for the 2020 production year at P=0.05. For San Andrea the situation is slightly different where the treatments affected the germination index only for 2018 and 2020. Orgalife treatments increased the vigor index I and II in 2020 for both varieties and for both levels of significance. The length of the seedlings for Opale in 2020 was positively affected by the 3.3% concentration in both levels of significance, while San Andrea in the same year had statistical significance for the 9.9% concentration only for P=0.05. The results for the dry matter showed statistical significance for San Andrea for the 6.7% concentration in 2018. As an overall conclusion, we can say that the use of the Orgalife fertilizer showed to be reasonable for the seedling growth and development, better than the effect on the germination parameters.
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Influence of gender equality on sustainable development of villages in the Republic of Macedonia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2017-10)
Gjosheva Kovachevikj, Marija
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Gorgievski, Blagoja
Sustainable rural development is important for the society, posing a challenge for rural households, in terms of ensuring continuous improvement of the quality of life and wellbeing for present and future generations. The equal participation of rural women and men is crucial for sustainable development but still remains a complex goal. The aim of this paper was to review the status of women in rural areas from the perspective of gender balance and to highlight the role of the equality in the activities related to sustainable rural development. The methods of descriptive statistics of data were used to process the official data for gender balance in the labour market. Additionally, a field interview for gender equality in decision-making and management was conducted on 140 rural households in Macedonia. The findings demonstrate that the employment rate of rural women amounted to 34%, what is lower than the employment rate of men in rural areas (66%). According to the structure of the status of employees in rural areas, women in the “unpaid family workers” category amounted to 8%, compared to women in urban areas amounting to only 1%. Additionally, the data from the field research show that rural women have very low levels of decision-making in the family and leadership of family businesses, especially in the rural areas with predominantly Muslim population. By identifying gender-differentiated opportunities and constraints, policy makers in Macedonia can develop gender-responsive actions that can lead to more effective measures for the overall improvement in natural resources management.
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Model of regional development through rural areas as rural economic development poles: case of the Republic of Macedonia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2017-10)
Gorgievski, Blagoj
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Gjosheva Kovachevikj, Marija
During the regional economic development certain rural areas become attractive owing to concentration of economic activity through different channels of economy of scale, external economies and agglomeration of economic activities. Its has been formed like rural areas with certain formative economic development forces. Furthermore, their “spread effects” from growth poles cause induced growth in the remaining peripheral areas. These rural areas as a rural regional development poles are able to generate respectable economic impact in the geographical area becoming pole of the rural development in a certain rural region. In the Republic of Macedonia the model of regional economic development trough rural areas as a rural economic development poles need to have a major role in the formulation of a rural regional economic development policy, respecting the specificities of the regional development of small and underdeveloped economy.
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Rural economic development strategy through priority rural sectors in the Republic of Macedonia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2016-10)
Gorgievski, Blagoj
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Gjosheva Kovachevikj, Marija
The rural areas of development strategy is an inhabited territory where the social, economic and residential evolutions are led within the framework of an integrated and prospective project of development. The rural pole is not a small town, an agglomeration, but they are treated as a whole and guided by an integrated project of territory. Initially, this study are focused to priority regional sub-sectors in R. Macedonia in order to identify the major weaknesses to be addressed and potentials to be boosted. Furthermore, the elaboration refers to assessment development strategy of priority economic sectors in the rural areas, defining the main problems, possible solutions to solve them. The analysis of the regional differences is also included in the paper as well as the differentiation and prioritisation in itself . In terms of the structural adjustment through priority rural areas of the country's, the emphasis of study will be placed in particular on increased production competitiveness and higher quality of products. For that goal have to pay attention to measures at improving the competitiveness of economically viable agricultural holdings and food industry in selected sub-sectors through proper investment policies.
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Economic diversification of rural households in the Republic of Macedonia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2016-10)
Gjosheva Kovachevikj, Marija
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Gorgievski, Blagoja
Sustainable rural development is vital to the national social and economic situation of the Republic of Macedonia since 43% of the population lives in rural areas, which make up 86.7% of the total territory. Most of the rural households are engaged in agriculture (primarily family farms) and very small portion in other activities. Agricultural wages tend to be significantly lower than other sectors and almost half of the labour force is consisting from unpaid family members. To that end, modern understanding of rural development exceeds the concept that agriculture is the only non-urban element of territorial areas and move to a broader concept that refers to all resources of the territory and its entire economic structure: natural and human resources, crafts, small industrial facilities, tourism, recreation etc. The goal of this paper is to review the new direction of rural development in Macedonia - income diversification, focused on contribution of non-farm activities to total rural household incomes. The methods of descriptive statistics of data analysis were used to process official data for incomes, from State Statistical office. The findings demonstrate that number of rural households with incomes from non-agricultural activities accounts only 16%, with highest proportion (69%) of households with share of only up to 10% of non-farm incomes in total turnover. Policy for strengthening of the conditions for development of the rural diversification activities, as one of the tool for economic stability of rural households is recommended to be one of the highest governmental strategic priorities for rural development.
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Economic optimization of the apple investment and growing system alternatives in Republic of Macedonia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2014-10)
Gjosheva Kovachevikj, Marija
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Dimitrov, Lazo
Apple, among all fruits production, has traditional importance and contribution to the Macedonian economy. The favour agro-climatic conditions, combined with the long-lasting tradition, generated human capacity and expert knowledge offer huge potential for growing apples and development of this economic branch. The apple production in Republic of Macedonia is insufficient and uncompetitive on domestic and foreign markets as result of insignificant intensity of the growing system, poor productivity and high production and investment costs. In order to identify the optimum investment and supreme apple growing system alternative, the economic optimization analysis were performed. For the purposes of this analysis, a field study has been conducted on 39 apple producing farms in the Pelagonia region for the production years of 2009 and 2010. Additionally, the production information are updated with data for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 based on rapid research, semi-structured interview with the main stakeholders in supply chain and official statistics. The investment calculations have been used to determine the comparative advantages of the investment in different growing system models. The economic justification to invest in the different growing system was assessed based on the standard indicators for investment evaluation as: internal rate of return, net present value and payback period. The findings show that economic performance of the apple farming depends on the apple growing system. Although, the highly intensive method of apple growing require much higher investment costs, it brings better results than the dominant extensive growing method with low plant density.
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Centralized and decentralized approach to economic development policy with particular emphasis on the Republic of Macedonia
(Faculty of Economics, University of Nis, 2014-10-17)
Gorgievski, Blagoj
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Gjosheva Kovachevikj, Marija
The possible more central or more decentral arrangements of development economic policy are located between two polar cases: at one pole, we have an arrangement where only the central level of government is responsible for overall economic development policy and at the other pole, neither any subcentral unit of government, which are to be supported to have any serious influence for creating effective subcentral economic policy using relevant own instruments to achieve the given goal. The paper is evaluating the consequences of a decentralization vs. centralization in the field of development economic policy so, in the sense that the current allocation of jurisdiction is changed in the direction of decentral arrangement. Special considerations in this approach are manifested in R. Macedonia as a small and developing economy with relatively high centralized economy which opens the process of economic decentralization.

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