Institute of Agriculture

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Economic aspects of honey bee queen breeding: insights from a European study
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-06-14)
Dimitrov, Lazo
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Costa, Cecilia
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Meixner, Marina D.
In 2017, the European Commission initiated the EurBeST study to explore the possibilities of using selective breeding of honey bees to increase Varroa resistance traits. One of the specific aims of the study was to assess the process of honey bee queen breeding through an economic analysis. The methodology for calculating the costs of queen production (queen rearing and mating), colony evaluation and expenses for estimating breeding values is based on the Cost of Production (CoP). Cost data were collected via tailor-made questionnaires and interviews performed in five European countries (France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Poland). The sample population consisted of 20 queen producers and 20 performance testers who participated in the study. The results showed that the average costs for queen production amounted to 22.58 e per queen, ranging from 8.22 e in Poland to 37.30 e in France. The difference between the selling price and the production cost was on average 3.08 e per queen, ranging from 15.86 e in Germany to −12.30 e in France. On average, the colony evaluation costs were 193.40 e per colony. The average cost for breeding value estimation per queen was 8.09 e. Thus, the average total cost per selected queen was 224 e. The selective breeding of honey bees is an efficient way to increase productivity, reduce colony losses, improve bee health and enable profitable operations, but it is expensive, is usually promoted, practiced and implemented by scientists and researchers, and in most cases is financed by external sources.
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Factors Influencing Rural Youth Migration in North Macedonia
(The Faculty of Agriculture, University in Banja Luka, 2024)
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Popovska Stojanov, Despina
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The migration of young people from rural to urban areas poses a significant challenge to the sustainable development of rural communities in North Macedonia, leading to an aging population and diminished natural growth. This trend exacerbates socioeconomic inequalities, fostering social insecurity and the exclusion of rural youth. The far-reaching consequences of this migration influence both urban and rural landscapes across various developmental domains. To that end, this research aims to investigate the impact of main socioeconomic factors on rural youth migration. A survey of 550 rural residents aged 18-40 addressed was conducted using a tailored questionnaire. The data collection approach ensured nationwide diversity across all Macedonian planning regions, nationalities, genders and village types. Data processing involved the application of standard descriptive analysis and a binary logistic regression approach. Key findings show that factors such as gender, marital status, region, nationality, education, employment and having family agricultural holdings do not significantly impact rural youth migration. On the contrary, having children, household size, perceptions of employment opportunities, urban or rural lifestyle preferences and overall rating the quality of life in rural areas exhibit notable significance. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of the complexities surrounding rural youth migration. In conclusion, the logistic regression model serves as a powerful tool to pinpoint crucial factors influencing rural youth migration. These insights provide a solid foundation for shaping targeted policies, essential for retaining and supporting rural youth and fostering sustainable development in both urban and rural areas of North Macedonia.
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The structure of rural households’ income in North Macedonia - A case study in Polog and Pelagonija
(University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, 2023-09-29)
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Popovska Stojanov, Despina
Contemporary trends in rural economic development go beyond the concept that agriculture and food production are the only functions of the rural economy and move towards a broader concept that covers all resources in the rural area, including non-agricultural activities. This paper examines rural households’ economic diversification focusing on their income structure and its impact on their well-being. The paper is based on а questionnaire survey conducted in the year 2018, through direct visits and interviews of 140 rural households from two statistical regions in North Macedonia, Pelagonija and Polog, with carefully designed study’s sample selection methodology to capture the household characteristics. The household income structure is measured as net incomes from all on-farm and off-farm activities and other financial transfers for one calendar year. The analysis has shown that the households which have only one type of income source (I. households with on-farm incomes only from agricultural activities, II. households with on-farm incomes only from non-agricultural activities) have much lower financial success than ones with mixed income sources, while non-agricultural rural households achieve the least success. In addition, households with mixed income sources, including incomes from agriculture, have better financial results than other households with mixed income sources, which do not comprise agricultural incomes. Hence, the challenge for policymakers is to identify the best mechanism to promote rural households’ economic portfolio, with a well-balanced synergy between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, based on agriculture at the centre of rural development, as complementary engines to tackle rural poverty and provide food security.
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Economic optimization of the apple investment and growing system alternatives in Republic of Macedonia
(University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, 2014-10)
Gjosheva Kovachevikj, Marija
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Dimitrov, Lazo
Apple, among all fruits production, has traditional importance and contribution to the Macedonian economy. The favour agro-climatic conditions, combined with the long-lasting tradition, generated human capacity and expert knowledge offer huge potential for growing apples and development of this economic branch. The apple production in Republic of Macedonia is insufficient and uncompetitive on domestic and foreign markets as result of insignificant intensity of the growing system, poor productivity and high production and investment costs. In order to identify the optimum investment and supreme apple growing system alternative, the economic optimization analysis were performed. For the purposes of this analysis, a field study has been conducted on 39 apple producing farms in the Pelagonia region for the production years of 2009 and 2010. Additionally, the production information are updated with data for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 based on rapid research, semi-structured interview with the main stakeholders in supply chain and official statistics. The investment calculations have been used to determine the comparative advantages of the investment in different growing system models. The economic justification to invest in the different growing system was assessed based on the standard indicators for investment evaluation as: internal rate of return, net present value and payback period. The findings show that economic performance of the apple farming depends on the apple growing system. Although, the highly intensive method of apple growing require much higher investment costs, it brings better results than the dominant extensive growing method with low plant density.

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