Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior
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Item type:Publication, Analysis of heat consumption during convective wood drying of beech sawn timber of different thickness(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2025-09); ; In the paper, the heat consumption of beech sawn timber with a thickness of 50,0 and 70,0 (mm) are analyzed under conditions of classic convective drying. The drying mode is compiled on the basis of data on the temperature of the drying agent (air), the relative humidity of the air and the speed of air movement in accordance with the current value of moisture in the wood. The heat consumption is analyzed in all stages of the drying cycle such as heating the wood, active drying of the wood and conditioning, i.e. equalization of the moisture in the cross-section within ± 2.0 (%). The moisture content of sawn timber at the beginning of drying is about 45,0 (%) and at the end of drying is 8,0 (%). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The state of export and import of wood products and furniture in the Republic of North Macedonia: Trends and strategies for growth(WoodEMA, i.a. – International Association for Economics and Management in Wood Processing and Furniture Manufacturing, 2025-09); ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Processing sawlogs into parquet blanks(FACULTY OF FOREST INDUSTRY – UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY – SOFIA, 2024-12); ; ; ; The term parquet refers to a floor covering made of solid wood, consisting of interconnected slats in a horizontal plane. A parquet strip is the principal constructional element of the parquet. This wooden strip is obtained as a result of processing the flooring blank. In the sawmill processing of the sawlogs, the flooring blanks are sawn from the sawlogs, mostly in the radial and tangential direction. For such a purpose, sawlogs from domestic species and foreign species are used. Most dominant in this manner are the hardwood species, although softwood species can be used too. Among the domestic species, the most are beech, oak, acacia, elm, ash, and from the softwood species pine and larch. The paper focuses on the maximum quantitative yield of beech and oak sawlogs intended for processing into parquet blanks. The sawing was conducted on a bandsaw. The blanks were with a thickness of 25,0 mm. The sawlogs belonged to the I, II, and III quality classes. A total of 12 sawlogs were processed, 6 from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and 6 from oak (Quercus robur). All sawlogs were with a constant length of 3,0 m. The mean diameter for beech and oak sawlogs was in the range of 34,0 to 36,0 cm. The average value for the quantitative yield for beech sawlogs from I, II, and III quality classes was 37,90%. For the oak sawlogs from I, II, and III quality classes the average value of the quantitative yield was 39,40%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Comparative analysis of yield distribution in first and second-class quality fir and spruce sawlogs (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.): A case study from North Macedonia(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2024-12)The efficient utilisation of sawlogs represents a crucial determinant for the operational success of sawmill capacities. Sawlogs serve as the primary raw material in sawmill operations, and their rational use is influenced by several production-related factors. Key determinants impacting sawlog utilisation include wood species, log quality classification, technological capacity of sawmills, and workforce proficiency, among others. Of particular importance to sawlog processing methods are wood species and quality classification. A principal indicator of sawmill performance lies in the quantitative yield of raw material, defined by the volume of lumber produced from log processing. The economic viability of sawmills is grounded in this quantitative utilisation, with wood species and quality classification exerting the most substantial influence. This paper presents findings from a comparative analysis conducted at a sawmill facility in Berovo, Republic of North Macedonia. It examines the yield from fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) sawlogs of both first- and second-quality classes. The analysed logs maintain a consistent length of 4.0 meters. The average diameter for first-class logs ranges from 27.0 to 57.0 cm, while for second-class logs, it spans 38.0 to 62.0 cm. The mean yield rate for first-class logs is 68.93%, and for second-class logs, it is 61.55%. A comparative analysis is provided for the coarse and fine waste generated from log processing for both quality classes. Sawing was conducted using a horizontal band saw, and the resulting lumber is designated for construction and structural purposes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analysis of diameter taper in fir (Abies alba Mill.) and spruce (Picea abies L.) sawlogs from 1st and 2nd quality class(FACULTY OF FOREST INDUSTRY – UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY – SOFIA, 2025-01)The success of sawmill capacities mainly depends on the rational use of raw materials, specifically the logs for sawing. The rational use of sawmill logs is primarily influenced by quantitative yield. The quantitative yield is a complex matter influenced by several parameters, with the main ones related to the sawmill logs. The key parameters include the diameter of the logs, their length, and the diameter taper. This study focuses on analyzing the diameter taper of fir (Abies alba Mill) and spruce (Picea abies L.) sawlogs from 1st and 2nd quality class. Taper, which represents the gradual reduction in log diameter from the base to the top. By examining 80 selected logs from the sawmill company in Berovo, Republic of North Macedonia, this study identifies patterns in taper rates across eight diameter groups. The results show the impact of taper on log utilization, highlighting the implications for sawing efficiency and wood quality. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Yield comparison of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) logs in the sawmill processing industry(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2025-12); ; ; Sawmilling technology in Macedonia is primarily characterised by small- to medium-capacity sawmills, many of which operate with mixed species and variable equipment configurations. These sawmills typically process between 1500 and 5000 m³ of roundwood annually and play a crucial role in the domestic wood industry. The technology employed often includes vertical bandsaws for primary sawing and simple layouts for material flow. Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) are among the most commonly processed species, representing a significant share of the raw material input due to their abundance, accessibility, and economic relevance. Beech is predominantly used in furniture production, while fir/spruce is more common in construction and structural applications. This paper presents a focused comparative analysis of raw material yield efficiency between beech and fir/spruce logs in a primary processing setting. The study was conducted at the MARKISTO sawmill in Leskoec, Ohrid, a representative facility within the North Macedonian context, operating with a capacity of 2,500–3,000 m³ per year. A total of 160 logs from two standardised lengths (4.0 m and 5.0 m) and I, II, and III quality classes—80 from each species—were analysed. The objective was to quantify and compare the percentage yield of sawn timber relative to log volume, under real production conditions, without altering existing workflows. Key influencing factors such as log diameter, taper, and wood defects were recorded and assessed. Results indicated that fir/spruce logs generally achieved higher yield rates than beech, particularly in the higher quality classes. For instance, Class I fir/spruce logs yielded up to 10–15% more usable lumber compared to Class I beech logs, mainly due to more uniform structure and lower waste values. In contrast, beech logs, especially from lower quality classes, were more affected by natural defects like heart checks and curvature, reducing the quantitative yield despite similar or larger diameters. The study confirms that both species and log quality significantly affect sawmill efficiency and that careful log selection and classification are essential for optimising material recovery. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Влијание на диспозициите на бичење врз квантитативното искористување на пиланските трупци од ела/смрча (Abies alba Mill. /Picea abies L.)(Факултет за дизајн и технологии на мебел и ентериер - Скопје, 2026-01-12)Во докторскиот труд се прикажани резултати за пилански трупци од ела/смрча, за диспозициите на бичење, начините на бичење и квантитативното искористување на трупците во бичени сортименти. Влијанието на диспозииите на бичење е дефинирано со распоредот на резовите на тенкиот крај на трупците. Диспозициите се формирани зависно од сортиментската структура на сортиментите. Диспозициите се симетрични и несиметрични. Симетрична диспозиција е користена при бичење на трупци со дијаметар на тенкиот крај до 40,0 cm. Бичењето на трупците е наменско. Трупците се бичени по пат на остро (затворено, групно) бичење и призмирање/разбичување на призма. Тие се распоредени во 8 дебелински групи со дијаметар од 26,0 до 65,0 cm, должина 4,0 m, класа на квалитет I/II, пад на дијаметар од 0,50 до 1,00 cm/m и влажност од 47,0 до 56,0 %. Во секоја дебелинска група од 26,0 – 30,0 cm до 61,0 – 65,0 cm се анализирани по 10 трупци. Средниот пад на дијаметарот изнесува 0,72 cm/m. Квантитативното искористување (остро бичење), за трупците со дијаметар од 26,0 до 40,0 cm изнесува од 66,20 до 69,91%. Средната вредност за квантитативното искористување при остро бичење изнесува 68,07%. Квантитативното искористување (призмирање/разбичување на призма), за трупците со дијаметар од 41,0 до 65,0 cm, изнесува од 67,55 до 75,50%, со средна вредност 73,67%. Квантитативното искористување во дрвени летви и окрајчена граѓа на трупци со дијаметар од 52,0 до 59,0 cm, I/II класа на квалитет, пад на дијаметар од 0,50 до 1,75 cm/m и дрвна зафатнина од 7,777 m3 изнесува 72,66%. Од вкупното квантитативно искорисутвање, дрвените летви учествуваат со 51,89%, а окрајчената граѓа со 20,77%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of feed rate on roughness of the cut surface, during cutting dry beech and spruce wood with a circular saw(Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia, Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior, Skopje, 2025-11); ; ; The precision of wood processing and the quality of the machined surface are critical factors in achieving the desired processing outcomes. These factors are influenced by a variety of parameters, among which the feed rate during mechanical processing plays a significant role in determining the surface roughness of the cut. Surface roughness, often caused by tool marks, affects subsequent hydrothermal treatments and other mechanical processes, ultimately reducing the efficiency of wood usage when it is too high. For this purpose, in this paper, the dependence of the feed rate on the roughness of beech and spruce wood during the cutting of dry wood with a circular saw is investigated, with the intention of determining the optimal cutting conditions for obtaining lower values of the roughness. In this research, three different feed rates were applied (U1 = 12 m·min-1 , U2 = 16 m·min-1 and U3 = 20 m·min-1 ) for a constant cutting height of 15 mm in dry beech and spruce wood with moisture content W = 10 ± 1%. The measurements were made with a circular saw with a diameter of cutting tool D = 250 mm, a number of teeth Z = 40 and a width of the cut b = 3.2 mm. The number of rounds was n = 5500 min-1 . Roughness measurements were taken with a digital comparator, according to the Rmax criterion. The obtained results showed a pronounced significance and a directly proportional dependence of the roughness of the cut surface on the feed rate