Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health

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    Workload Ratio Assessment in Football: Evaluating Simple and Exponential Moving Averages
    (Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2024)
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    Sejkeroski Mihailo
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    Nuno André Nunes
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    Soklevska, Ilievski, Elena
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    Introduction: To identify the optimal technique for examining time series data related to the Acute Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR), correlations between the Simple Moving Average (SMA) and the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) were investigated in this study utilising a decay factor (λ) over a period of 7/28 days. Five GPS metrics were included in our analysis: Total Distance, Accelerations, Decelerations, High Metabolic Load Distance, and Distance in Speed Zones 3+4+5 (>19,9 km/h). These data points were collected from 22 players across 47 days, excluding the first 28 days, for a total of 596 data points per pair [SMA/EWMA]. Methods: Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests were performed on the SMA and EWMA datasets prior to using the Spearman, Kendall Tau, and Distance Correlation techniques to assess correlations and dependencies between pairings. Using Python and libraries including Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, SciPy, Scikit-Learn, Statsmodels, OpenPyXL, Dcor, and IPython.display, the analysis was carried out in Anaconda's Jupyter Notebook. Results and Discussion: Significant departures from the normal distribution were shown by normality tests (p<0.05 for most of the variables). With p-values of 0.00, Spearman analysis showed significant correlations for every pair of variables, ranging from moderate (0.46) to somewhat weak (0.23). Additionally, Kendall's Tau revealed statistically significant correlations (p=0.00) across strengths, ranging from moderate (0.32) to weak (0.16). With values ranging from 0.25 to 0.44, Distance Correlation showed significant connections (p<0.00), while Energy Distance values displayed a range of discrepancies. Interestingly, EWMA frequently displayed values that were marginally lower than SMA, highlighting a significance level of p=0.00. Conclusion: The results show continuous trends and modest to moderate positive correlations between the variables under study. Both SMA and EWMA can be used with the help of distance correlation. EWMA is typically chosen for responsive trend analysis and offering a realistic representation of current conditions in ACWR monitoring due to its emphasis on recent data. The decision between SMA and EWMA, however, may change depending on the coaching needs; in this study, EWMA approaches produced somewhat lower scores than SMA.
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    Navigating the Dynamics of Speed in Football: Insights into Training, Genetics, and Developmental Strategies
    (Kondicija, 2024)
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    Kodjoman Kostadin
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    Fast movements are integral to speed as a human motor ability, and in the context of football, speed is considered a dominant ability. The manifestation of speed by elite players manifests a consistent upward trend over time. Although the existing literature lacks definitive data, the hereditary nature of this ability is frequently cited as a dominant factor in speed improvement. Crucial to enhancing speed is the implementation of training during the sensitive periods of children's development. Emphasis should be placed on developing the latent time of motor reactions, intricately tied to the central nervous system's maturation. Additionally, it is imperative to consider the energy component, with a focus on optimizing creatine phosphate stores (CP) when designing speed transformation training. During speed training sessions, it is advisable to limit the number of fast movements to a maximum of 30-40 repetitions, each lasting 5-10 seconds, with consideration for CP stores. Morning training sessions are recommended due to the heightened efficiency of the central nervous system, a crucial system responsible for delivering information that triggers muscle contractions. While sprinting (fast running) is a fundamental exercise from a methodological standpoint, a holistic approach should be adopted, incorporating various equipment such as ladders, and different methods including changes of direction. Genetic predictions of muscle fiber types in the human body are determined through the ACTN3 gene, specifically the mutation of the R577X allele. This mutation is regarded as a factor in determining the hereditary component of speed. However, the inclusion of genetic factors in the success of speed transformation is a complex matter. The primary focus for speed development should be in childhood. Young players should enhance this ability through various aspects of the game, extending beyond isolated training with quick movements. Such a holistic approach contributes not only to the overall development of young players but also fosters a passion for football, encouraging a lifelong engagement with the sport.
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    Item type:Publication,
    External load in football- based on GPS metrics
    (Kondicija, 2023)
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    Aleksandar Tanceski
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    The external load of the football players (GPS based), is commonly presented as data (metrics) that includes total distance/length, distance in several speed zones (zone 1 to zone 5: 0-7 km/h, 7-15 km/h, 15-20 km/h, 20-25 km/h, 25+ km/h), player Load, total number of sprints, accelerations, number of decelerations, maximum speed, Power Score [w/kg] etc. The microcycle training load can be developed in form of percentage of the maximum results that football players achieved during a match. Then, the training load (types of exercises/tasks) will be set according to individual indicators obtained from monitoring the external load. The interpretation of monitoring data should be combined with other information from training/match, as are football capacities and position in the game of football players, subjective status of players, quality of opposing players, etc., in order to use the value of the numbers obtained from monitoring.
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    Effects of six-week concurrent fitness training for speed and explosive power in football players
    (Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2023)
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    The study included total of 15 participants (average age of 17 [± 0.5] [SD +/-] years), within 3 groups ((G1) N=5, (G2) N=5, and (G3) N=5). G1 performed power exercises (traditional set – with break between sets) (~75-80% 1RМ). G2 performed exercises for acceleration/speed and plyometrics (traditional set – with break between sets). G3 performed exercises for speed / plyometrics / strength with contrast method (supersets- no break between sets). The trainings for all 3 groups were concurrent trainings, followed by regular football training, on the same day. To follow the effect of the program, the participants were tested in 2 tests, maximal speed at 30 meters -[30m] and maximal standing long jump –[Jump]. Friedman Anova (and Post Hoc Frieadman-Nemenyi -Q test) was performed for each group between 3 test points, as well as Kruskal-Wallis Anova for the comparison of differences between groups. The effect size with 90 % CL was evaluated according Field, A. (2017). The G1 group, had no effect on improving the speed (30 m sprint test) in football players (p = 0.07). For G2 group (speed + plyometrics) and G3 (strength + speed + plyometrics), 9 trainings were sufficient to significantly improve the speed (p = 0.01) Only 6 trainings made significant (p = 0.03) transformation of participants explosive strength, in the G2 group. The training of strength (G1) and strength + speed + plyometrics (G3) had a significant transformation (p = 0.01) on explosive strength after 9 supplemental trainings.
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    METHODOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION WITH FOOTBALL TRAINERS TO IMPROVE COACHING COMPETENCE PERCEIVED BY ATHLETES, SATISFACTION WITH COACH, ENJOYMENT AND INTENTION OF PERSISTING
    (2021)
    Lençe Aleksovska-Velickovska
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    Mustafa Levent İnce
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    Seryozha Gontarev
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    Zikica Tasevski
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    Miodrag Todorovic
    Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of a coaching intervention on soccer athletes’ perceptions of the coaches’ competencies, enjoyment, satisfaction, and intention to persist in the sport. Equipment and methods:The research was conducted on a sample of 105 young football players aged 10 to 15, drawn from 6 clubs:FC Maribor-Slovenia, FC Pelister-Macedonia, FC GoricaCroatia, FC Graficar-Serbia, FC Doboj-BiH, FC Zeleznichar-Sarajevo. Focused on coacheffectiveness, coaches from EG received a 12-hour training program.Self-report questionnaires were administered to the athletes both at the beginning and the end of the intervention. The correlation of scales and subscales in the initial and final measurements was determined by Pearson correlation coefficients. The effects of the intervention program (differences between the initial and final measurement) were determined by ttests for dependent samples. Results: The results showed significant changes in competence for game strategy (t = 29,20; p = 000), technical competence (t = 10, 06; p = 002), character building competence (t = 9.65; p = 002) and enjoyment (t = 7.11; p = 008). Thus, these types of interventions are effective for improving and maintaining over time variables related to athletes’ perception of their coaches’ competency, enjoyment and character building competence.
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    Item type:Publication,
    METHODOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION WITH FOOTBALL TRAINERS TO IMPROVE COACHING COMPETENCE PERCEIVED BY ATHLETES, SATISFACTION WITH COACH, ENJOYMENT AND INTENTION OF PERSISTING
    (2021)
    Lençe Aleksovska-Velickovska
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    Mustafa Levent İnce
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    Seryozha Gontarev
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    Zikica Tasevski
    ;
    Miodrag Todorovic
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    RAZLIKE U OPCIM I SPECIFICNIM MOTORICKIM SPOSOBNOSTIME UCENIKA PRVE, DRUGE I TRECE GODINE
    (2023)
    Martin Andonovski
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    Goran Nikovski
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    Zikica Tasevski
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    Serjoza Gontarev
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    ANTHROPOMETRIC AND BODY COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES AMONG ELITE MACEDONIAN`S SOCCER AND HANDBALL PLAYERS
    (2020)
    Zikica Tasevski
    The comparative researches on athlete’s anthropometric characteristics are undoubtedly important in modern sport, and they have been studied for a long time by a considerable number of sports scientists from many countries. However, only a few studies that address this topic have been conducted on Macedonian athletes. The present research was conducted on 181 elite players divided in two groups as follows: 91 handball players and 90 soccer players. The respondents were measured for their height, weight, diameters, volume and skinfolds; the body composition, somatotype components and BMI - index were indirectly calculated with the purpose of establishing their common morphological characteristics, and to analyzing the specificity, i.e. probable differences according to the sport. Breadth and girth values were evaluated by ANCOVA, and height and weight were used as co-variate factors. The other variables were rated by metric ANOVA. The research results suggest that the soccer players are shorter and have lower body weight as compared to handball players, their BMI is statistically considerably lower compared to that of handball players. Soccer players have higher relative girth of the lower extremities, and smaller values of all skinfolds and lesser percentage of the fat component as compared to the handball players. The mesomorphic component dominates in general with the soccer players, and their somatotype category is a balanced mesomorph, whereas the one-mesomorph type is obtained with handball players.
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    ПЛАНИРАЊЕ НА МИКРОЦИКЛУС ВО ФУДБАЛ ДОЗИРАЊЕ НА ТРЕНИНГ ОПТОВАРУВАЊЕ „2
    (2021)
    Жикица Тасевски
    При планирање/моделирање тренинг-програми, се користат периоди на тренинг кои се повторуваат, во вид на циклуси (неделни, месечни, годишни). Ова се изведува со цел за да може (тренерот) попрегледно да ја „спакува“ идејата за тренинг-програмата, но и за да се приспособи биоритамот на спортистот/-ката кон планираниот систем на натпреварувања. Кога се креира кој било циклус во фудбалот, секогаш се земаат предвид компонентите за: интензитет, обем, неделна фреквенција на тренингот, како и одмор за време, но и по завршување на тренингот. Најчесто зборуваме за 7-дневен микроциклус, како најмал период на планирање тренингпрограмата. Ваквиот микроциклус може да биде во неколку варијанти: во подготвителен период или, пак, во натпреварувачки, каде што може да има еден или два натпревари во седум дена. Клучен момент во креирањето на тренингциклусите е дозирањето на тренингкомпонентите