Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

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Stakeholders' perspectives on communicating biosecurity to encourage behavior change in farmers
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-03-19)
Moya, Sebastian
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Lamont, Kate
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Brennan, Marnie L.
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Ciavarino, Giovanna
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Costa, Maria
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Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Zoonotic Potential of Intestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs in North Macedonia: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2026-03-03)
Chapkunovska, Bojana
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Rashikj, Ljubica
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Vlahov, Jane
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Owner-Reported Detection and Risk Factors of Canine Osteoarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2026-02-25)
Vlahov, Jane
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Trojacanec, Plamen
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Trojacanec, Filip
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Bozhinovski, Dimitar
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with DAD Detection for the Determination of Cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil
(MDPI AG, 2024-12-02)
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Dimitreska Stojkovikj, Elizabeta
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Gusheski, Dimitar
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Musliu, Dea
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Velkovski, Daniel
The study highlights the need for quality control in evaluating medicinal plant products, especially CBD oils, before market release. Due to varying regulatory requirements, product labeling can sometimes be misleading, especially regarding cannabinoid concentrations such as CBD and THC. This research focused on developing a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for accurately identifying and quantifying key cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil. The main compounds identified included Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBD-A), Cannabigerolic Acid (CBG-A), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabinol (CBN), ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC) ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d8-THC), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA), determined in line with the International Conference on Harmonization’s (ICH) guidelines. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). It was determined to be linear, with a correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.999. The LOD and LOQ values calculated from the calibration curve ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 and 0.50 to 0.61 µg/mL, respectively. The method also exhibited acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values lower than or equal to 2%. The method’s accuracy was assessed through recovery percentages and fell within an acceptable range of 98–102 if the RSD was 2%. This study’s rigorous methodology and comprehensive findings significantly contribute to cannabinoid analysis. This validated protocol was used to analyze cannabinoids in 14 commercial veterinary CBD oil products from the Republic of North Macedonia. The performance parameters demonstrated that the method is reliable for quantitatively measuring cannabinoids in CBD oil. The analysis showed that the cannabinoid levels in the products were consistent with the manufacturers’ declared specifications, with no significant discrepancies in labeling.
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Monitoring Heavy Metals, Mycotoxins, Coccidiostats and Microbial Contamination in Animal Feed: A North Macedonia Study (2018-2022)
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2025-06-24)
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Enimiteva, Vangelica
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Angelovski, Ljupco
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Feed contamination can occur at every stage of the feed chain, including manufacturing, storage, transport, and utilization. Ensuring feed safety is fundamental for livestock health, animal performance, and food safety throughout the feed-to-food chain. The study aimed to make qualitative and quantitative assessment of microbiological and chemical hazards in animal feed in North Macedonia from 2018 to 2022. A total of 1,629 feed samples were analysed for heavy metals, mycotoxins, and coccidiostats, whereas 598 samples were examined for microbial contamination. The results indicate a significant prevalence of heavy metals, with lead (Pb) detected in 100% of the samples, although mostly within regulatory limits. Mycotoxins, notably ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), were also identified, with non-compliance in 10.88% of cattle feed for AFB1. Coccidiostat residues exceeded the maximum levels in 4.6% of the samples. Microbiological analysis revealed that 1.34% of feed samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp., and 3.8% tested positive for sulphitereducing clostridia. The findings on both microbiological and chemical hazards indicate their potential to threaten the feed safety chain. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the need for continuous comprehensive feed safety monitoring and the enforcement of stringent safety regulations to safeguard animal and public health in North Macedonia.
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Multi-class analysis of antimicrobial substances in poultry feed at cross-contamination levels by UHPLC-MS/MS – Method establishment, validation, and application
(Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 2025-12-24)
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Koceva, Dushica
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Angjeleska, Aleksandra
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Stojković, Goran
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The Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1229 establishes maximum limits (MLs) for the cross-contamination of antimicrobial substances in feed intended for food-producing animals. This study presents the development and in-house validation of two multi-class analytical methods for detecting antimicrobial substances in poultry feed at cross-contamination levels, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Methods with and without solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification were developed for 26 antimicrobial substances across eight classes, covering a concentration range of 5–300 μg kg–1. The methods were validated for parameters in-cluding selectivity, limit of quantification, within- and between-day precision, accuracy, decision limit, matrix effect, and short-term analyte stability in the corresponding extracts. Both methods met the required performance criteria for detecting antimicrobial substances at cross-contamination levels, except for reduced sensitivity to lincomycin in the SPE method. Between-day precision was below 18 % and 19 %, with recoveries ranging from 95 to 103 %, for the method without SPE, and from 88 % to 101 % for the method with SPE, respectively. The analytes remained stable after two days of storage in the dark un-der two temperature conditions. These methods were applied to 39 poultry feed samples, revealing that approximately 41 % contained one or more antimicrobial substances, some of which exceeded the cross-contamination MLs. This study underscores the importance of simple, rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical methods for controlling the presence of antimicrobials at cross-contamination levels. Such methods enable stringent control to prevent uncontrolled antimicrobial use in poultry production systems, thereby mitigating the development of antimicrobial resistance.
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Systematic multi-year surveillance of honey compliance and fraud in North Macedonia, 2020–2024
(Springer Nature, 2026-02-20)
Nestorovski Tome
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Jovanov Stefan
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Trajkovska Melita J.
Honey adulteration represents a significant food safety and economic concern globally, yet comprehensive data from North Macedonia remains lacking. This study evaluated 538 honey samples (391 domestic, 147 imported) collected between 2020 and 2024 for compliance with national and EU quality standards. Overall, 9.48% of samples failed at least one quality parameter, with domestic honey showing higher non-compliance (12.53%) than imported (1.4%). The primary causes of non-compliance were elevated hydroxymethylfurfural (64.7%) and reduced diastase activity (43.1%), indicating heat-related exposure. Among 16 samples failing C4 sugar analysis, 7 (43.8%) met all other regulatory requirements, suggesting sophisticated adulteration methods that evade routine testing. Statistical analysis revealed very strong associations between heat-related parameters. Temporal analysis showed declining overall non-compliance but increasing prevalence of diastase-related failures. These findings, representing the first systematic assessment of honey adulteration in North Macedonia, indicate that while basic market surveillance appears effective, current testing protocols may miss economically motivated adulteration. Implementation of routine C4 sugar analysis, particularly for samples passing conventional parameters, is essential for comprehensive fraud detection and consumer protection.
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The impact of the mineral zeolite on feed conversion and mortality rate on commercially grown rainbow trout
(Institute of Animal and Fishery Science, 2025-11-10)
Bodan Gjorgovski
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Rodne Nastova-Gjorgioska
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zeolite, added to feed, on feed conversion and mortality rate in commercially farmed rainbow trout. The research was conducted at the Riboexport DOOEL pond in Gostivar, at the Vrutok source. Three pools were included in the study: Group A – without zeolite, Group B – feed with 1 % zeolite, and Group C – feed with 2 % zeolite. The fish were reared under standardized conditions (length 4 m, width 1 m, depth 45 cm, total water volume 1.8 m³, temperature 11 °C, and oxygen concentration 9–11 mg/L). Each pool contained 200 juvenile rainbow trout with an initial weight of 46–48 g and length of 15–16 cm, monitored over a 12-week period. Measurements were taken 8 times, at 14-day intervals. Feed conversion was determined using the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and mortality was recorded numerically. The results are presented using descriptive statistics, showing FCR values of 0.89 for Group A, 0.84 for Group B, and 0.89 for Group C. No mortality was recorded in Groups A and B (0 %), while 3 dead fish (1.5 %) were observed in Group C. The best feed conversion was observed in the group receiving feed with 1 % zeolite. Fish mortality was not related to zeolite application but was attributed to mechanical injuries during manual handling.
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RADIONUCLIDES IN THE FOOD CHAIN: FOCUS ON ANIMAL DERIVED FOOD
(Goce Delchev University - Shtip, 2025-12-31)
Angeleska, Aleksandra
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The paper presents an analytical overview of the occurrence, movement, and accumulation of both natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in food of animal origin. The research encompasses the main pathways through which these substances enter animal organisms, together with the environmental and agricultural factors influencing their distribution in soil, vegetation, and animal tissues such as meat, milk, eggs, and fish during the period 1989 to 2025. The review was conducted based on a literature search performed in the Elsevier, Hinari, PubMed, and other relevant scientific databases. The study focuses on isotopes including uranium-238, thorium-232, potassium-40, cesium-137, and strontium-90 as key indicators of naturally occurring and technologically induced radioactivity within the biosphere. The analysis demonstrates the interconnection between geological, climatic, and agricultural conditions that determine the levels and variability of radionuclides in animal-derived food. It was established that radionuclide concentrations in North Macedonia fall within internationally accepted limits and correspond with values observed in other European countries. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of both natural and anthropogenic sources of radioactivity to enable timely detection of fluctuations in radiological balance and to ensure the long-term safety of food and public health protection.</jats:p>
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Genetic characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infecting ruminants in the Republic of North Macedonia
(2025-12)
Rashikj, LJubica
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Zagorka Popova Hristovska
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Betim Xhekaj

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