Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

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Mirusha virus: A novel sand fly-borne phlebovirus with evidence of neutralizing antibodies in humans and dogs in Kosovo
(Elsevier BV, 2026-12)
Jakupi, Xhevat
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Kurum, Elif
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Xhekaj, Betim
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Hoxha, Ina
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Walochnik, Julia
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PCR-based screening for vector-borne pathogens reveals different Mycoplasma species in cats from Kosovo
(Elsevier BV, 2026-06-05)
Rafuna, Genita
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Sherifi, Kurtesh
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Ahmeti, Shaqir
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Lindhorst, Zoë Tess Lara
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Zoonotic Relevance of Toxocara spp. in North Macedonia: Retrospective Veterinary Findings and a Clinically Confirmed Case of Human Ocular Toxocariasis
(MDPI AG, 2026-06-01)
Radevska, Ana Marija
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Chapkunovska, Bojana
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Cana, Fadil
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Pandilov, Stefan
Background: Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are zoonotic nematodes of dogs and cats that maintain a human infection risk through environmental contamination with highly resistant eggs. Data on toxocariasis in North Macedonia are limited, and ocular toxocariasis (OT) remains a clinically important but easily overlooked manifestation of human infection. Methods: This retrospective assessment combined coprological data from dogs and cats with a complementary clinical description of a human case of OT. Routine fecal samples from dogs and cats from January 2018 to March 2026 were morphologically examined. The human case of OT was a 13-year-old boy with unilateral ocular disease. Results: Of 465 samples, Toxocara spp. eggs were detected in 14, corresponding to an overall detection of 3.0%. Detection was 3.0% in dogs (11/371) and 3.2% in cats (3/94), with no significant difference between species. The human clinical component involved unilateral visual loss, strabismus, and posterior segment inflammatory changes. Conclusions: Dogs and cats in North Macedonia showed sporadic Toxocara spp. egg shedding, supporting ongoing zoonotic exposure potential. The clinically confirmed OT case complements the animal data and underscores the need for improved awareness among clinicians and veterinarians, as well as strengthened preventive measures aimed at reducing environmental contamination and zoonotic exposure. Keywords: Toxocara spp.; ocular toxocariasis; dogs; cats; North Macedonia
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Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Zoonotic Potential of Intestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs in North Macedonia: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2026-03-03)
Chapkunovska, Bojana
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Rashikj, Ljubica
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Vlahov, Jane
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Owner-Reported Detection and Risk Factors of Canine Osteoarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2026-02-25)
Vlahov, Jane
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Trojacanec, Plamen
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Trojacanec, Filip
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Bozhinovski, Dimitar
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Systematic multi-year surveillance of honey compliance and fraud in North Macedonia, 2020–2024
(Springer Nature, 2026-02-20)
Nestorovski Tome
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Jovanov Stefan
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Trajkovska Melita J.
Honey adulteration represents a significant food safety and economic concern globally, yet comprehensive data from North Macedonia remains lacking. This study evaluated 538 honey samples (391 domestic, 147 imported) collected between 2020 and 2024 for compliance with national and EU quality standards. Overall, 9.48% of samples failed at least one quality parameter, with domestic honey showing higher non-compliance (12.53%) than imported (1.4%). The primary causes of non-compliance were elevated hydroxymethylfurfural (64.7%) and reduced diastase activity (43.1%), indicating heat-related exposure. Among 16 samples failing C4 sugar analysis, 7 (43.8%) met all other regulatory requirements, suggesting sophisticated adulteration methods that evade routine testing. Statistical analysis revealed very strong associations between heat-related parameters. Temporal analysis showed declining overall non-compliance but increasing prevalence of diastase-related failures. These findings, representing the first systematic assessment of honey adulteration in North Macedonia, indicate that while basic market surveillance appears effective, current testing protocols may miss economically motivated adulteration. Implementation of routine C4 sugar analysis, particularly for samples passing conventional parameters, is essential for comprehensive fraud detection and consumer protection.
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The impact of the mineral zeolite on feed conversion and mortality rate on commercially grown rainbow trout
(Institute of Animal and Fishery Science, 2025-11-10)
Bodan Gjorgovski
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Rodne Nastova-Gjorgioska
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zeolite, added to feed, on feed conversion and mortality rate in commercially farmed rainbow trout. The research was conducted at the Riboexport DOOEL pond in Gostivar, at the Vrutok source. Three pools were included in the study: Group A – without zeolite, Group B – feed with 1 % zeolite, and Group C – feed with 2 % zeolite. The fish were reared under standardized conditions (length 4 m, width 1 m, depth 45 cm, total water volume 1.8 m³, temperature 11 °C, and oxygen concentration 9–11 mg/L). Each pool contained 200 juvenile rainbow trout with an initial weight of 46–48 g and length of 15–16 cm, monitored over a 12-week period. Measurements were taken 8 times, at 14-day intervals. Feed conversion was determined using the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and mortality was recorded numerically. The results are presented using descriptive statistics, showing FCR values of 0.89 for Group A, 0.84 for Group B, and 0.89 for Group C. No mortality was recorded in Groups A and B (0 %), while 3 dead fish (1.5 %) were observed in Group C. The best feed conversion was observed in the group receiving feed with 1 % zeolite. Fish mortality was not related to zeolite application but was attributed to mechanical injuries during manual handling.
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Genetic characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infecting ruminants in the Republic of North Macedonia
(2025-12)
Rashikj, LJubica
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Zagorka Popova Hristovska
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Betim Xhekaj
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Sand fly-associated phlebovirus with evidence of neutralizing antibodies in humans and dogs in Kosovo
(Informa UK Limited, 2026-01)
Kurum, Elif
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Jakupi, Xhevat
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Xhekaj, Betim
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Platzgummer, Katharina
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Hoxha, Ina
The Balkan Peninsula is a hotspot for sand fly-borne phleboviruses (SbPVs), yet Kosovo had no confirmed viral detection invectors despite serological evidence of human and animal exposure. This study reports the discovery, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of a novel phlebovirus, Grapi virus (GRPV), in Kosovo. Entomological surveys (2022-2023) collected 3,575 sand flies across seven districts. Morphological and molecular identification revealed Phlebotomus perfiliewi as the dominant species. Pan-phlebovirus RT-PCR screening identified GRPV in seven pools. Complete genome sequencing confirmed its tripartite genome, sharing 97.55-98.70% nucleotide identity with Bregalaka virus, classifying it within the Phlebovirus adanaense species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed segment-specific ancestry, suggesting recombination events between Bregalaka virus, Adana virus, and Medjerda Valley virus. Seroprevalence studies using neutralization assays detected GRPV-specific antibodies in 13.0% of humans and 2.7% of dogs. Human seropositivity peaked in adolescents and declined with age, while dogs showed higher rates in purebred and unhealthy ones. No cross-reactivity with Toscana or Sicilian viruses was observed, indicating distinct immunological responses. GRPV replicated efficiently in Vero cells and more slowly in mosquito cells, suggesting mammalian adaptation. GRPV detection in Kosovo underscores the role of the Balkan region in SbPV emergence. GRPV zoonotic potential is supported by the anthropophilic feeding behaviour of Ph. perfiliewi and by the significant seroprevalence rates in dogs and humans. Limitations include biased human/dog sampling and sparse northern Kosovo coverage. Investigating GRPV pathogenicity and ecology; integrated surveillance and diagnostics are essential for the future.
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Performances of oxygenation devices on trout farms in Republic of Serbia, Republic of North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES), 2025)
Čanak, Stevan
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Radosavljević, Vladimir
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Gligorević, Kosta
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<jats:p>Dissolved oxygen is universally recognized as the most decisive limiting factor in intensive trout aquaculture, exerting profound effects not only on production efficiency but also on fish welfare, physiological stability, immune competence, and the capacity to resist disease. When oxygen levels fall below optimal thresholds, trout are exposed to chronic stress, impaired metabolic processes, reduced feed intake, and a heightened susceptibility to pathogens, all of which compromise both productivity and sustainability. To counter these risks, water oxygenation—defined as the technological process of enriching aquaculture water with pure oxygen—has become an indispensable intervention for modern trout farming. In Republic of Serbia and Republic of North Macedonia, oxygenation systems have been continuously applied for more than two decades, while in Bosnia and Herzegovina their use has been established for over ten years, collectively enabling production intensification, seasonal stability, and improved economic outcomes. This study explores the diversity of oxygenation technologies currently employed, ranging from diffuser systems and low‑head oxygenators to pressurized tanks and devices with rotating mechanical components. Particular emphasis is placed on their operational principles, efficiency parameters, and exploitation characteristics, with attention to how these technologies are adapted to the specific environmental conditions and management practices of rainbow trout farms in the region.</jats:p>

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