Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

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Artificial intelligence (AI) in food safety and quality
(Codon Publications, 2026-04-18)
Uzunov, Risto
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Angeleska, Aleksandra
The adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) within the framework of fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) is reshaping contemporary food safety management by enabling a transition from predominantly reactive prac-tices to proactive and predictive approaches. This study explores how AI-based technologies, including machine learning, computer vision, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, contribute to improved food safety control, quality monitoring, and supply chain traceability. The analysis indicates that AI-driven solutions outperform tra-ditional manual methods by delivering faster and more accurate detection of contaminants, improved identifica-tion of foodborne pathogens, and more reliable shelf-life prediction. The integration of AI with blockchain further strengthens traceability mechanisms, allowing rapid identification and containment of contamination events. Nevertheless, several limitations remain, notably the limited interpretability of complex deep-learning models, substantial implementation costs, and persistent challenges related to data quality and standardization. In addi-tion, ethical issues, such as data protection and potential algorithmic bias, highlight the importance of transpar-ent governance frameworks. The findings suggest that optimal outcomes are achieved when AI systems operate within a human-in-the-loop model, supported by interdisciplinary expertise and harmonized global datasets. Collectively, these advancements indicate that AI has strong potential to enhance the resilience, efficiency, and transparency of the global food supply chain, supporting progress toward a zero-contamination objective.
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Multi-class/residue method for determination of veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins and pesticide in urine using LC-MS/MS technique
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023-09-14)
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Jovanov, Stefan
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Musliu, Dea
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Background Veterinary drugs are widely used in animals to prevent diseases and are a complex set of drugs with very different chemical properties. Multiclass and multi-residue methods for simultaneous detection of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in urine are very rare or non-existent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and reliable quantitative LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of a wide range of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine urine. This involved 42 veterinary drug residues (4 thyreostats, 6 anabolic hormones, 2 lactones, 10 beta agonists, 15 antibiotics, 5 sulphonamides), 28 pesticides and 2 mycotoxins. Stable isotopically labelled internal standards were used to facilitate effective quantification of the analytes. Analysis was performed in both positive and negative ionization modes with multiple reaction monitoring transitions over a period of 12 min. Results The parameters validated included linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), detection capability (CCβ), decision limit (CCα), stability, accuracy and precision. The process followed guidelines of the regulation 2021/808/EC. The calibration curves were linear with coefficient of correlation (R2) from 0.991 to 0.999. The LODs were from 0.01 to 2.71 µg/L, while the LOQs were from 0.05 to 7.52 µg/L. The CCα and CCβ were in range 0.05–12.11 µg/L and 0.08–15.16 µg/L. In addition, the average recoveries of the spiked urine samples were from 71.0 to 117.0% and coefficient of variation (CV) < 21.38% (intraday and interday). Conclusion A new isotopic LC-MS/MS method has been developed, validated and applied for identification and quantification of 72 residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides and other contaminants such as mycotoxins in bovine urine. The most appropriated sample preparation procedures involved sodium acetate buffer, enzymatic hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase and cleanup solid phase extraction with OASIS SPE cartridges. The parameters were satisfactorily validated fulfilling requirements under Regulation 2021/808/EC. Consequently, the method could be used in routine analysis of bovine urine samples for simultaneous detection of veterinary drug and pesticide residues as well as contaminants such as mycotoxins.
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Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in animal feeds with fluorimetric method
(Српско ветеринарно друштво, Факултет за ветеринарна медицина, Србија, 2011-09-17)
Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Pavle Sekulovki
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Determination of clenbuterol in meat samples with ELISA method
(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia, 2011-09-11)
Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
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Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
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Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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Pavle Sekulovki
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Determination of fluoroquinolone antibacterial residues in milk by LC-MS/MS method
(Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association, 2020-10-29)
Alija, Gjylai
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Hajrullai-Musliu, Zehra
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Uzunov, Risto
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Havziu, Drita
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Haxhiu-Zajmi, Arlinda
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Analysis of 226Ra, 232Th 40К and 137Cs in samples of soil from some areas of Republic of Macedonia by using gamma spectrometry
(Mac Vet Rev, 2013-10-15)
Todorovic Aleksandra
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Stojanovska-Dimzoska Biljana
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In-house validation and quality control of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbnet assays for screening of nitrofuran metabolites in food of animal origin
(Mac Vet Rev, 2013-03-15)
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Arsova Gordana
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Stojanovska-Dimzoska Biljana
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Validation of screening method for determination of methyltestosterone in fish
(Mac Vet Rev, 2013-03-15)
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Stojanovska-dimzoska biljana
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Todorovic Aleksandra
Anabolic androgenic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, which is the primary male sex hormone. These anabolic agents are used to increase the weight gain, to improve the food efficiency, storing proteins and to decrease fatness. However, depending on the use of anabolic agent in animal feed, anabolic residues that may occur in meat and meat products present risks to human health. The aim of this study was the validation of screening ELISA method for determination of methyltestoterone anabolic steroid in fish. The validation process was carried out according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. The detection limit for methyltestosterone was 140.95 ng/kg and the detection capability was 564.43 ng/kg. The overall recoveries and the coefficients of variation (CV) were in the range of 82.4%-97.4% and 1.5%-6.9%, respectively, a working range between 50 to 4050 ng/kg, and the regression equation of the final inhibition curve was: y= -0,1741x + 1,5082, R2 = 0.9927. Because of the good recovery and precision, and satisfactory detection capability, this method is applicable in official control laboratories as a rapid screening method for determination of methyltestosterone in fish.
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Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin a in Animal Liver Using HPLC-FD Method with Immunoaffinity Column Clean-Up
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021-05-12)
Stojanovska-Dimzoska, Biljana
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Dimitrieska-Stojkovic, Elizabeta
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Hajrulai-Musliu, Zehra
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Uzunov, Risto
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Angeleska, Aleksandra
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Analytical methods based on immunoaffinity column clean-up and quantitative determination with liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection were used to determine aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in liver samples. The validation of the procedures was performed. The linearity of the methods was checked, and a good coefficient of correlation was found for all aflatoxins and OTA as well. The LOD and LOQ were acceptable: 0.003 µg/kg and 0.009 µg/kg for AFB<jats:sub>1</jats:sub>; 0.001 µg/kg and 0.005 µg/kg for AFB<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>; 0.006 µg/kg and 0.020 µg/kg for AFG<jats:sub>1</jats:sub>; 0.007 µg/kg and 0.022 µg/kg for AFG<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>; 0.08 µg/kg and 0.27 µg/kg for OTA. The results for the repeatability estimated by the relative standard deviation (RSD<jats:sub>r</jats:sub>) were satisfactory and the obtained values were in the acceptable range (1.97–14.41% for all aflatoxins and 3.76-8.31% for OTA) at three proposed concentration levels. RSD<jats:sub>R</jats:sub> values showed acceptable correlation between two analysts for all four aflatoxins and OTA. The RSD<jats:sub>R</jats:sub> values were as followed: 2.37% and 5.60% for AFB1, 6.71% and 8.78% for AFB<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, 4.40% and 7.00% for AFG<jats:sub>1</jats:sub> and 10.30% and 13.91% for AFG<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (for the first and second analyst, respectively). The RSDR values for OTA were 4.91% and 3.15% (1 µg/kg); 3.76% and 4.12% (5 µg/kg) and 8.31% and 8.21% (10 µg/kg). The mean recovery for total aflatoxins and OTA were 78.10% and 93.34%, respectively. All validation parameters were in accordance to European legislation. They indicate that the proposed analytical procedures are suitable and they could be methods of choice for the determination of aflatoxins and OTA in liver samples.</jats:p>
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Comparison of PUFA Profiles in the Blood and in Follicular Fluid and its Association with Follicular Dynamics after PGF2α Induced Luteolysis in Dairy Cows
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2016-10-01)
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Hostens, Miel
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Hajrulai-Musliu, Zehra
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Uzunov, Risto
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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The objectives of the present study were to examine the fatty acid (FA) profiles in serum and in the follicular fluid (FF) and the association between polyunsaturated fatty acid level (PUFA) and follicular growth dynamics following induced luteolysis in dairy cows. A total of 29 dairy cows (CL>25mm, follicle≈15mm) at d0 (start of the experiment) were submitted to ultrasound guided transvaginal follicular aspiration for FF collection from the largest follicle and were injected with 500 μg of cloprostenol. The cows were subdivided into Group A1 (n=11) and Group A2 (n=8) resuming follicular growth either from a secondary follicle less than or larger than 8.5mm, respectively, present at the moment of aspiration and Group A0 (n=10) not resuming follicular growth. Follicular development was monitored daily by ultrasonography until the next dominant follicle reached ≈15mm and was subsequently punctured in Group A1 and A2 (d1). Serum and FF samples for FA determination were taken at d0 from all cows and at d1 in Group A1 and A2. No differences were observed between the FA profile in serum nor in FF between sampling days. Regarding the PUFA levels, the serum linoleic acid (C18:2n6) levels at d0 and d1 were significantly higher than in FF, while alpha linolenic acid (C18:3n3) was lower in the serum than in FF, both at d0 and d1. At d0, a tendency for negative correlation between serum and the FF C18:2n6 with subsequent daily follicular growth rate was observed, while, at d1 there was a strong negative correlation between the serum C18:2n6 and daily growth rate (r=−0.71; p=0.0006). The present study revealed similarities of the FA profiles in the serum and in the FF and association between serum and FF PUFA content with the follicular dynamics after induced luteolysis.</jats:p>

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