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    Eating habits of children in North Macedonia: Results from the fifth round of the Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI)
    (Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2021)
    ;
    Nikolić, Marina
    ;
    Introduction. In Europe, 29% of boys and 27% of girls aged seven to nine were overweight and 12% of boys and 9% of girls obese. Eating habits are important for understanding the obesity problem. The aim of this paper was to describe the eating behaviors of second grade children in North Macedonia (MKD). Material and methods. A total of 3246 children were selected for data collection. Measurements of height and weight, as well as data for the eating habits was collected. Frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables, soft drinks, savory snacks, and sweet snacks as well as breakfast consumption was used to create eating habits score. Results. There were significantly more obese boys while more girls were overweight. Obesity was more prevalent in urban areas of the country. Majority of children practiced neither “healthy” nor “less healthy” nutrition behavior. Children whose parents has tertiary education had significantly lower score comparing to those whose parents have secondary or lower education. Dietary habits had not a significant impact on BMI. 75% of girls and 78% of boys had breakfast every day. 40% of children daily consumed fruit and 37% consumed vegetables. Consumption of soft drinks was significantly higher in boys. Conclusion. Eating habits of children may shed light on root causes for obesity in MKD. There is much room for improvement in the intake of fruit and vegetables. Consumption of snacks and particularly soft drinks should be reduced. National obesity surveillance program that collects data and present evidence to policy makers is crucial and should be supported.
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    A Snapshot of European Children’s Eating Habits: Results from the Fourth Round of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)
    (MDPI AG, 2020-08-17)
    Williams, Julianne
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    Buoncristiano, Marta
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    Nardone, Paola
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    Rito, Ana Isabel
    ;
    Spinelli, Angela
    Consuming a healthy diet in childhood helps to protect against malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This cross-sectional study described the diets of 132,489 children aged six to nine years from 23 countries participating in round four (2015–2017) of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Children’s parents or caregivers were asked to complete a questionnaire that contained indicators of energy-balance-related behaviors (including diet). For each country, we calculated the percentage of children who consumed breakfast, fruit, vegetables, sweet snacks or soft drinks “every day”, “most days (four to six days per week)”, “some days (one to three days per week)”, or “never or less than once a week”. We reported these results stratified by country, sex, and region. On a daily basis, most children (78.5%) consumed breakfast, fewer than half (42.5%) consumed fruit, fewer than a quarter (22.6%) consumed fresh vegetables, and around one in ten consumed sweet snacks or soft drinks (10.3% and 9.4%, respectively); however, there were large between-country differences. This paper highlights an urgent need to create healthier food and drink environments, reinforce health systems to promote healthy diets, and continue to support child nutrition and obesity surveillance.