Faculty of Medicine

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    Drug Interactions
    (Department of Anaesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, R.N. Macedonia, 2024)
    Drug interactions can be described as the pharmacological influence of one drug on another drug, when administered in combination. Drug interaction can cause an increased or decreased effect of the drug, but it can also lead to a toxic effect. In daily practice in operating rooms and intensive care units, anesthesiologists routinely combine drugs. Interactions are usually divided according to the mechanism of occurrence and the most frequent are pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In pharmacokinetic interactions, the interactions are at the level of absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination processes. Such interactions are predictable, but their extent cannot be predicted. Pharmacodynamic interactions refer to antagonistic or synergistic action between drugs. It remains a challenge to teach clinicians how to combine these drugs in order to achieve and maintain optimal anesthetic and vital conditions, while minimizing side effects. A good understanding and knowledge of drug interactions can improve the ability to titrate multiple drugs more effectively.
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    Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Treatment of Coronavirus Disease-19
    (Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, 2020-08-20)
    ;
    At present, we are facing coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 with several treatment choices and reports of different treatment outcomes. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use for the management of severely ill patients started as a quite enthusiastic treatment option, following several small clinical trials, case series reports, public authorities, and media affirmation. However, the evidence we have so far is conflicting and some national societies and professional institutions implicate that we should wait for definite treatment recommendations until there are solid data for or against the use of these drugs. Until we have more powerful evidence in our hands, we should be aware of safety issues of the old drugs for the new application in the emergency state we are facing today with the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a concise review of strengths, limitations, and awareness for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use for COVID-19 infection treatment based on the evidence the science has today.