Faculty of Medicine
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Item type:Publication, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PROFILES OF DIARRHEAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM HOSPITALIZED ADULT PATIENTS WITH ACUTE GASTRO-ENTERITIS,(SHMSHM - AAMD, 2025); ; Background: Acute gastroenteritis is a self-limiting disease, but in high-risk patients for bacteremia like neonates and immunocompromised patients, appropriate antimicrobial treatment is required. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global health challenge, particularly in bacterial pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections, thus per protocol treatment is necessary. Material and methods: This retrospective descriptive study included 200 in-patients with acute gastroenteritis, at the University Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Skopje, between July 2022 and August 2024. Stool samples were collected and tested by standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of isolates were determined by the disc-diffusion technique according to EUCAST. Results: Among 200 patients analyzed, 53% were confirmed to have an infectious etiology, with Salmonella enteritis group D as the predominant pathogen (36%), followed by Clostridium difficile and Campylobacter jejuni (6%). S. typhimurium was isolated in one patient. Viral etiology like Norovirus and Rotavirus was detected in 4,5% of cases. Resistance to ampicillin was observed in all Salmonella isolates, while C. jejuni showed no resistance to standard antimicrobial therapy. We lack data on C. difficile susceptibility. Conclusions: These findings provide insights in the most commonly found diarrheal pathogens in our setting and the resistance trends, for which reason further and appropriate empirical treatment options in patients with acute gastroenteritis should be explored. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria isolated from blood culture(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2024-10); ; ; ; Blood cultures are essential in diagnosing the existence of bacteria in the blood and they continue to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of septicemia. From Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. are the most common bacteria causing sepsis and septic shock. They are the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections globally. Aim of the paper was to identify Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. from hemoculture and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics. Blood samples from hospitalized patients admitted for routine laboratory testing at the Institute of Microbiology from January 2023 to December 2023 were included in the study. Blood cultures bottles were incubated in automated Bact/Alert system. Isolated colonies were identified using automated VITEK 2 Compact system. MSSA and MRSA were isolated in 48.2% and 51.8% respectively. All isolates 100% were resistant to penicillin. Intermediate sensitivity to levofloxacin 92%, 60% and ciprofloxacin 96%, 64% was observed in MSSA and MRSA strains. Resistance to gentamicin of 63% was seen in MSSA isolates. Non-VRE and VRE were isolated in 67% and 33% respectively. Non-VRE strains had higher resistance towards gentamicin 77%, streptomycin 66%. VRE strains were resistant to gentamicin 93%, ampicillin 85%. Our findings give analysis of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from hemoculture and their resistance pattern. The findings give clinicians an insight for the right treatment option. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Surface adherence properties and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase negative staphylococci with intrahospital and community origin.(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists (MAAM), 2021); ; Introduction: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were long regarded harmless commensals which commonly colonize human skin and mucous membranes. Although CoNS are usually in a benign relationship with the host, changes in the medical practice and also in the underlying host populations resulted in their emerge as opportunistic pathogens with key role primarily in nosocomial but in community-acquired infections as well. Objective: Тo determine the association between surface adherence properties/ antimicrobial susceptibility and the isolates origin in clinically significant CoNS and CoNS from normal skin microbiota of healthcare workers and healthy volunteers. Material and methods: CoNS were identified by sample cultivation on standard microbiological nutrition media, gram staining and biochemical tests. Modification of the microtiter plate assay described by Christensen et al. was used to investigate the formation of biofilm. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed according to EUCAST standard disc diffusion method guidelines for 13 drugs frequently prescribed as commonly active against CoNS. Results: In present study biofilm production was observed in 9 (90%), 7 (70%) and 2 (20%) CoNS isolates from blood cultures from septic patients, skin swabs from hands of medical professionals and skin samples from hands of healthy volunteers, accordingly. Importantly, our study indicated that 63.3% CoNS isolates were resistant to methicillin. Along with the resistance to methicillin, a multidrug resistance pattern towards benzylpenicillin (63.3%), flucloxacillin (63.3%), ceftriaxone (63.3%) and cefotaxime (63.3%) was noted. The results obtained in the study also showed that, the biofilm forming coagulase negative staphylococci have higher resistance rates to various antibiotics compared to biofilm non- producing bacteria. Conclusion: Highest production of biofilm and multidrug resistance were observed in bacterial isolates obtained from hospital environment. We also observed that the majority of MDR pathogens were biofilm producers and were almost equally present in blood samples from critical patients and skin samples of the hands of healthcare personnel.