Iustinianus Primus Faculty of Law
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Item type:Publication, Sex in Recent Gender Policies. Interdisciplinary Reflections on the X v. North Macedonia case before the ECtHR(Srpska Politicka Misao, 2026-02)Ignovska Elena, Arsov TodorThis article was initially prompted by the inconsistent use of the terms sex and gender in the landmark case X v. the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (now Republic of North Macedonia) before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Although the judgment was delivered several years ago, national legal implementation remains incomplete and, to some extent, problematic. This topic remains timely more broadly, given the limited engagement of English legal discourse with the ECtHR’s evolving approach to gender recognition. The authors investigate why a seemingly straightforward legal adjustment, such as introducing a gender marker on birth certificates, has proven so contentious. Their inquiry revealed that the term gender, originally introduced to distinguish from sex, has been increasingly subsumed into the concept of sex, often being used interchangeably. The Court’s judgment reflects this conflation: at times it refers to sex, at others to gender, and frequently to both (e.g., sex/gender) without clear differentiation. This raises critical questions, foremost among them: Why was there such a concerted effort to establish gender as distinct from sex when some of the same actors now assert that the two are effectively synonymous? While the X v. North Macedonia judgment marks a significant step in affirming transgender rights, it also exposes the ECtHR’s ongoing terminological ambiguity. In the absence of clear and consistent language, and in pursuit of fulfilling human rights obligations, particularly under articles 8 and 14 of the ECtHR, a legal compromise has emerged: recognizing gender identity as a fundamental aspect of personal identity, protected under the right to respect for private life. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Смртта недозволива како казна, но дозволива како „терапија“: Правните контроверзи на дведецениското пионерство на Белгија во активната евтаназија(Правен дијалог, бр.29, 2024-06)Ристова - Астеруд, Каролина - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Роналд Дворкин - правниот филозоф кој ги предизвикува(ше) судиите(Годишник на Правниот факултет „Јустинијан Први“ во Скопје во чест на Проф. д-р Димитар Бајалџиев, 2022)Ристова - Астеруд, КаролинаТрудот прави осврт на животното и правно-филозофското дело на американскиот професор по право, Роналд Дворкин, особено низ призмата на трите основни тези на неговата теорија за правото: тезата за правото како систем на правни правила, правни принципи и правни политики; тезата за постоење „вистински одговор“ на секоја правна ситуација и правен спор заснован на субјективните права; и, тезата за непостоење на судиска дискреција, односно тезата за судиското расудување како правооткривање, а не правосоздавање. Авторката дополнително се осврнува на неговата теорија за правото како „целосност“, односно „интегритет“, како и на неговата теорија за судиското расудување и пресудување како „конструктивно толкување“. Завршно, трудот го анализа значењето и влијанието на Дворкиновата теорија на правото врз современите правно-теоретски и правно-филозофски разбирања за правото, како и врз современото судско правораздавање, вклучително и во рамки на Европската Унија. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, The EU as a Global Actor: The Significance of Changes in the World Order From 2004 to 2024 as Regards EU Actorness(Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 2024)Ana Bojinović Fenko, University of Ljubljana and Julija Brsakoska-Bazerkoska, Ss. Cyril and Methodius UniversityContrary to the prevalent focus on the EU’s capabilities, this article analyses the implications for the EU’s global actorness stemming from changes in the world order. These changes are elaborated upon according to Hettne’s (2005) three-dimensional analysis of the world order, namely, its structure, mode of governance, and form of legitimisation from 2004 when the CEE countries became EU members, to 20 years into their membership in 2024. The main changes of the world order are identified as: the evolving multipolar international system; a transition from multilateralism towards plurilateralism; and the sporadic unilateral actions and delegitimisation of liberal world order alongside instances of the major powers’ disregard of international law. The article then elucidates the impact of these changes on EU actorness via illustrative case studies of issues dealt within the UN system and the WTO, namely, international trade, sustainable development, climate change, and international peace and security. Findings show that firstly, in an evolving multipolar international system, the EU aligns strongly with the US which maintains central power in security issues. Secondly, all case studies prove that the EU remains committed to transparent multilateralism. Thirdly, despite instances of increasing state-level disrespect of international law by the US, Russia, and China, the EU’s resolve and advocacy for international norms remains stable. The EU has managed to leverage its economic and normative capabilities along with its positive presence to exert legitimate leadership in, for example, digital trade agenda, the green transition, and artificial intelligence, but not in enlargement policy. And yet, the war in Ukraine has prompted the Union to bolster its military capability and upgrade its geopolitical strategy towards its neighbours. The authors conclude that the potential development of the EU’s defensive security capability – provided it is developed complementary to its unique market and normative power – offers an opportunity for the EU to reduce its capabilities/expectations gap and enhance its global actorness. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, МИНИМАЛНАТА ПЛАТА И ГРАНИЦИТЕ НА СОЛИДАРНОСТА ВО ЕВРОПА(Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“ во Скопје, Правен факултет „Јустинијан Први“, 2025-01-23); Без оглед на идеолошките позиции и теоретската провениенција, се чини дека минималната плата во Европа претставува една од цивилизациските придобивки, длабоко вткаени во европското работно законодавство. Нормирањето на минималната плата во Европа, и особено во Европската Унија, е плод на респектабилната синдикална организираност, како и триумф на принципот на солидарноста и на преовладувачкиот став за оправданоста на државната интервенција на пазарот на работна сила. Покрај економските импликации, нормирањето на минималната плата е под силно влијание и на политичките консидерации во амбиент на изразена доходна нееднаквост, турбулентни демографски и миграциски трендови и анемичен економски раст во Европа. Денес, сите држави членки на ЕУ имаат нормирано модел на минимална плата. Оттука вистинското прашање во Европа не е минимална плата или не, туку колкава минимална плата. Основната цел на трудот е да направи економска и правна анализа на нормирањето на минималната плата, преку проучување на различните нормативни модели во Европа и на посебностите за земјите на различно ниво на економски развој. Специфични истражувачки цели на трудот се: (1) да понуди приказ на различните модели и нормативни решенија во уредувањето на минималната плата во ЕУ и Западен Балкан; (2) да ги процени главните макроекономски предизвици и импликации од различните модели на правно уредување на минималната плата и (3) да понуди препораки за креа- торите на економските политики и на работното законодавство. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ФРЕДЕРИК БАСТИЈА: ЗАБОРАВЕНИОТ ВЕЛИКАН НА ФРАНЦУСКИ ОТ КЛАСИЧЕН ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАМ(Правен факултет „Јустинијан Први“ - Скопје, 2022)Shapkova Kocevska, KaterinaФредерик Бастија е француски автор од областа на класичната еко номска доктрина, кој живее и твори во првата половина на XIX век. Бастија е релативно непознат за академската јавност и пошироката читателска публи ка во Македонија. Овој автор не е вклучен во наставните програми на високо образовните институции кои изведуваат наставно-научна дејност од областа на економските науки. Исто така, досега не е преведено ниту едно дело на ма кедонски јазик, како би се доближиле неговите слободољубиви идеи до поширо ката јавност во земјата. Од овие причини, овој труд го сметаме за оригинерен обид да се претстават главните нишки на творештвото на Фредерик Бастија, како и да се синтетизираат неговите носечки идеи од областа на политичката економија. Крајната цел кон која стреми трудот, е преку подготовката на сис тематски и научен приказ на економското наследство на овој ценет француски автор, да се запознаат заинтересираните читатели со фигурата на Фредерик Бастија и пошироко да се дисеминираат неговите идеи. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Crossroads of aspiration: unveiling the migration intentions among university students in North Macedonia(2024-11-25); ; ; In our work, we analysed the migration intentions of uni-versity students from North Macedonia. We used data from a survey with 412 students from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, the country’s largest and oldest university. The results showed that about two-thirds of the respondents (67 per cent) intend to emigrate. To identify the determinants of the migration intentions, we used logistic regression models, where the migration intention was the dependent variable. We used different sets of socio-demographic and educational variables, the economic status of the respondents, and other factors as independent variables. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the following factors: Housing, en-vironment, and public services; Social activities and com-munity engagement; Advanced and developed society; Enhanced educational and career opportunities; Public services; Economic and social progress; and Family and social well-being. All of them, except the last one, had a statistically significant impact on the students’ intentions to emigrate. Moreover, the students with more educated parents, students with higher academic performance and the students who worked had higher odds of emigrating than the students with parents with lower educational levels, students with lower academic performance and the students who didn’t work while they studied, respectively. The other socio-demographic, educational and economic variables were not statistically significant. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, LEGAL MINDS AND FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE: SURVEY ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL LITERACY AMONG MACEDONIAN LAW STUDENTS(2024-09-17)Financial literacy is an important competency that empowers individuals to manage their resources and make prudent financial choices.In our work, we focus on examining financial literacy among law students in the Republic of North Macedonia.We conducted a survey with 129 law students from the University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, the most prominent and oldest university in the country.The students demonstrated high knowledge ofbanking and credit and low knowledge in more complex financial areas, such as the share market, compound interest rate,and time value of money.Moreover, we used ANOVA and logistic regression to examine how different factors impact financial literacy.The analysis of the variance showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the students from variousethnic backgroundsand students originating from different regions.The logistic regression was employed to analyze the impact of socio-demographic, educational,and personal characteristics of the students on their financial knowledge.The results suggested that only region is a statistically significant socio-demographic predictor of financial knowledge.Personal characteristics, including financial influence and financial attitudes, have a favorable and statistically significant impact on the financial literacy of students, while the impact of financial behaviorhas proved to be positive but insignificant.The results from the study can further be used by the relevant financial regulators and entities in the country to advance the learning environment about finance competencies.We also recommend the innovation and modernization of the curriculums of law schools by integrating courses, training, and workshops that will strengthen students' financial knowledge. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The States in Digital Era: Internet Governance and Improving E-Democracy(International Academic Institute, 2020); Marija Magdincheva-ShopovaThis paper will make theoretical overview of internet governance and its implementation as a global politics goal for the states. As known, internet governance is the complementary development and application by governments, the private sector, civil society and the technical community, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and activities that shape the evolution and use of the Internet. In the paper is given focus of digitalization as a common global political priority for the states, as well as theoretical descriptive overview of the shared recommendations from the United Nations and Council of Europe related to implementation on internet governance. The paper will emphasize as well on building on line democracy, as well as on improving and straightening e-democracy, protecting human rights and rule of law in digital era. At the end of the paper, we conclude that the power of Information and Communication Technologies have a great potential to accelerate human progress, to ensure that public policy for the Internet is people-centred in order to build democracy online, to protect Internet users, and to ensure respect and protection for human rights online. We will also conclude that in future is also important for the states to ensure that public policy for the Internet is people-centred in order to build democracy online, to protect Internet users, and to ensure respect and protection for human rights online.