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    Impact of anthropometric factors on outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients: analysis on 10 220 patients from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)-European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) EurObservational Research Programme on Atrial Fibrillation (EORP-AF) general long-term registry
    (Oxford University Press (OUP), 2022-06-07)
    Boriani, Giuseppe
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    Vitolo, Marco
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    Malavasi, Vincenzo L
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    Proietti, Marco
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    Fantecchi, Elisa
    Abstract Aim To investigate the association of anthropometric parameters [height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), and lean body mass (LBM)] with outcomes in atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and results Ten-thousand two-hundred twenty patients were enrolled [40.3% females, median age 70 (62–77) years, followed for 728 (interquartile range 653–745) days]. Sex-specific tertiles were considered for the five anthropometric variables. At the end of follow-up, survival free from all-cause death was worse in the lowest tertiles for all the anthropometric variables analyzed. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, an independent association with all-cause death was found for the lowest vs. middle tertile when body weight (hazard ratio [HR] 1.66, 95%CI 1.23–2.23), BMI (HR 1.65, 95%CI 1.23–2.21), and BSA (HR 1.49, 95%CI 1.11–2.01) were analysed in female sex, as well as for body weight in male patients (HR 1.61, 95%CI 1.25–2.07). Conversely, the risk of MACE was lower for the highest tertile (vs. middle tertile) of BSA and LBM in males and for the highest tertile of weight and BSA in female patients. A higher occurrence of haemorrhagic events was found for female patients in the lowest tertile of height [odds ratio (OR) 1.90, 95%CI 1.23–2.94] and LBM (OR 2.13, 95%CI 1.40–3.26). Conclusions In AF patients height, weight, BMI, BSA, and LBM were associated with clinical outcomes, with all-cause death being higher for patients presenting lower values of these variables, i.e. in the lowest tertiles of distribution. The anthropometric variables independently associated with other outcomes were also different between male and female subjects.
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    Comparison between the homologous BNT162b2 and the heterologous Gam-COVID-Vac/BNT162b2 vaccine regimen in republic of North Macedonia
    (Croatian Society of Biologists in Health Care, 2022-12-16)
    Nedelkoski, Stefan
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    <jats:p>The medical and socio-economic consequences that stemmed from the COVID-19 pandemic, forced the healthcare policymakers in Republic of North Macedonia to rely on five different vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in order to reach a satisfactory level of herd immunity. It is here where we got the idea to compare the heterologous Gam-COVID-Vac/BNT162b2 regimen to the homologous BNT162b2 regimen, with our main focus being the immunogenicity differences between the two of them. Additionally, we researched the variation in humoral immune response relative to age strata; the reactogenicity differences; and discrepancies in SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence between the two regimens. To achieve this, antibody titers in sera samples from fifty-three (53) healthcare workers, divided in heterologous and homologous group, were analysed at six different time checkpoints. Our results showed robust immunogenic response after the administration of the booster dose (4. 2-fold increase in antibody titers), followed by a slower-waning humoral immune protection in the heterologous regimen, compared to the homologous BNT162b2 schedule, furthermore confirmed by non-inferiority testing (Geometric Mean Ratio=0,98) at the final checkpoint. That, coupled with the similar reactogenicity (p=0,767) of both regimens, imply that the Gam-COVID-Vac/BNT162b2 combination might be a feasible approach in the effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic.</jats:p>
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    Salivary Markers in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023-07-01)
    Poposki, Bojan
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    Stefanova, Renata
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    Aim of the study: To determine the possibility of using saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for screening and monitoring kidney function. Methods: This study included 32 patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 20 healthy examinees for the control group. Saliva was collected using the spitting method, and on the same day blood was also drawn from the examinees to determine serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. The salivary values of uric acid, urea, creatinine and albumin were determined with a spectrophotometer, as well as the serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between salivary and serum levels of urea and creatinine in patients with CKD (Pearson's correlation coefficient for urea was r =0.6527, p = 0.000, while for creatinine it was r = 0.5486, p = 0.001). We detected a statistically significant positive correlation between the salivary levels of urea and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.4667, p = 0.007). We did not register a significant correlation between the salivary levels of creatinine and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.1643, p = 0.369). Conclusion: Salivary urea is a valid marker for determining kidney function and a potential salivary marker for screening and monitoring kidney function. Salivary creatinine can be used as a qualitative marker, only indicating the existence of a disease.
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    MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE HEART AS A RESULT OF VARIOUS FORMS OF PHYSICAL EXERTION
    (Anthropological Society of Serbia / Antropolos ko drus tvo Srbije, 2025)
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    Introduction. As a result of regular physical activity/physical training, i.e. long-term participation in sports, changes in the structure and function of the heart occur, more commonly known as cardiac remodeling. Materials and Methods. The sample comprised 285 athletes of both sexes between the ages of 9 to 38. Anthropometric parameters (gender, age, height, weight) were determined, a personal and sports history was taken, and a 12- lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed in the group of studied athletes. In 54 subjects with ECG changes, 2D transthoracic echocardiography was performed. Results. Longer duration of resistance training throughout the week was statistically significantly associated with: greater left atrial (LA) internal dimension (r = 0.359, p = 0.008), greater indexed LA volume (r = 0.315, p = 0.020), lower LA ejection fraction (r = -0.380, p = 0.005), greater left ventricular (LV) internal dimension in systole (r = 0.336, p = 0.013), greater interventricular septal and posterior wall thickness in diastole (r = 0.399; p = 0.003; r = 0.347, p = 0.010; respectively), as well as a greater indexed LV mass (r = 0.326, p = 0.016; going to the gym and lifting heavier weights was shown to be associated with: greater internal dimension of the LA (r = 0.322,p = 0.018), greater internal dimension of the right atrium (RA) (r = 0.322,p = 0.018 and greater thickness of the interventricular septum and posterior wall in diastole (r = 0.272; p = 0.004; r = 0.397,p = 0.003).
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    Correlations of electrocardiographic changes in terms of anthropometric characteristics in athletes in the Republic of North Macedonia
    (Anthropological Society of Serbia, 2023)
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    Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in athletes occur due to structural, functional and electric remodeling of the heart, as a direct result of their long-term engagement in sporting activities. The objective of this study was to establish a potential correlation of changes in the ECG pertaining to certain anthropometric characteristics. In this prospective cross-sectional study, conducted during 2016 and 2017, 285 athletes aged between 9 and 38 of both sexes were included. Anthropometric characteristics were determined on all the athletes alongside a 12-lead ECG. The average age of the respondents was 19.3±5.7. No significant correlation between the ECG characteristics and the athletes’ age was found (r = -0,009, p = 0,880). There was no significant difference in the percentage of borderline and abnormal changes of ECG in terms of sex, even though they were marginally higher in male athletes. The correlation research has shown that a normal ECG significantly correlates with females (r = -0,205, p = 0,001). The athlete subjects who had a normal ECG had a significantly shorter body height and marginally lower body weight compared to those with physiological changes in the ECG. The changes in ECG are related to the body height, weight and sex, which are most probably due to the lesser range of heart remodeling, as well as the rate of participation in sports that can contribute to ECG changes.
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    THE IMPLICATIONS OF SOMATOTYPES ON ATHLETES’ HEALTH AND SPORT PERFORMANCE
    (Anthropological Society of Serbia / Antropolos ko drus tvo Srbije, 2025)
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    Introduction. Different somatotypes (ectomorph, mesomorph, and endomorph) have been widely used in sport science and health research. Each somatotype is associated with distinct physiological characteristics that influence athletic performance, injury susceptibility, and health outcomes, crucial for optimizing training, nutrition, and healthcare in athletes. The aim was to examine the relationship between somatotypes and health in athletes, focusing on metabolic efficiency, musculoskeletal health, injury risk, and sport adaptation. Material and Method. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer reviewed sources from databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies examining the associations between somatotypes and various health parameters in athletes were included. Key themes as cardiovascular fitness, bone density, recovery rates, and predisposition to injury were analyzed. Results. The evidence suggests that mesomorphic athletes (higher muscle mass), exhibit superior strength and power, but are prone to joint and ligament injuries. Ectomorphic athletes, (lower fat and muscle mass), demonstrate advantages in endurance sports but may have a higher risk of stress fractures and energy deficiencies. Endomorphic athletes (higher fat to muscle ratio) face challenges related to metabolic health, weight management and joint stress, particularly in weight bearing sports. The review highlights sport specific adaptations and strategies to mitigate health risks associated with each somatotype. Conclusion. Somatotyping provides valuable insights into individualized health risks and performance in athletes. By integrating somatotype-based assessments into training, nutrition, and medical interventions, sport professionals can enhance performance and minimize injury risks. Future research should explore genetic and environmental interactions influencing somatotype traits and their longterm impact on athletic health.
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    RESTING METABOLIC RATE RELATED TO BODY COMPOSITION IN DIFFERENT SPORT DISCIPLINES
    (Anthropological Society of Serbia / Antropolos ko drus tvo Srbije, 2025)
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    Introduction. Resting metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal amount of energy the body requires while resting. Body composition (BC) is known to have an impact on BMR and vice versa. The aim of the study was to show the influence of different sport disciplines on BMR regarding BC. Material and Methods. The sample comprised 360 men (between the ages of 18 and 38). They were divided into 4 groups: I – men who do anaerobic sports (n=90), II – men who do aerobic sports (n=90), III- men who do sports recreationally (n=90), and IV- sedentary control group (n=90). BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry FitMate, Cosmed, Italy. BC was assessed by the bioelectrical impedance, Inbody 720, Great Britain. Results. The I group showed the highest RMR, 2298.67±298.1 kcal/day, compared to the other groups. II group had 2250.21±316.3 kcal/day; III2147.80±337.3 kcal/day; and IV group - 1983.79±316.1kcal/day. The IV group had the lowest BMR compared to all the other groups (p<0.05). The BC showed that the IV group had the highest body mass index (BMI) of 26.04±3.5 kg/m2 where the skeletal muscle mass (SMM) had the lowest level of 44.53±3.9%, compared to the other groups. The IV group showed lowest SMM (46.19±4.1 %), while the I group showed the highest SMM of 49.36±3.6 %, compared to the other sports groups (p<0.05). Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, we may conclude that anaerobic sports showed highest BMR to maintain the energy requirements and proper BC within appropriate muscle mass that may contribute to better sport achievements and healthy lifestyle, respectively.
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    ANALYSIS OF TOTAL BODY COMPOSITION WITH BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE IN ATHLETES BETWEEN THE AGES OF 15 AND 18
    (Anthropological Society of Serbia / Antropolosko drustvo Srbije, 2025)
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    Introduction. Athletes between the ages of 15 and 18 belong to a very vulnerable group in sports medicine. Total body composition analysis in these athletes is of particular importance. Materials and Methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the age differences of total body composition with multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance (BMI) in male athletes between the ages of 15 and 18. The analysis was done with In Body 720 analyzer in 140 athletes included in competitive sports. We analysed body weight (BW), body height (BH), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM and %BFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM and %SMM) and bone mineral mass (BMM and %BMM). Results. SMM significantly increased (F = 2.83637, p  0.05) from 33.83 ± 6.4 kg in 15 years old to 38.25 ± 8.1 kg in 18 years old athletes. The increase of BMM and %BMM is not significant. BFM and %BFM show elevation over the age of 17. Conclusion. In athletes from NM the skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral mass increase, while the body fat mass stagnates during the age period between 15 and 18.
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    The importance of anthropometry in sports medicine
    (Anthropological Society of Serbia, 2023)
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