Now showing 1 - 10 of 30
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    Isolation and molecular identification of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae from slaughtered reactor cattle
    (Faculty of Veterinary medicine in Skopje, 2016-09)
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    Angjelovski Branko
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    Molecular survey of infectious bronchitis virus in commercial flocks in Macedonia reveals presence of different genotypes
    (COST - European Cooperation in science and technology, 2016-06)
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    Popova Zagorka
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    Introduction: Preliminary testing of commercial flocks using molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed presence of genotypes QX and 4/91 in poultry farms with clinical signs and in poultry farms without clinical signs. Poultry farms are performing different vaccination programs without the knowledge of the genotype of the circulating strains. The purpose of this study was to detect presence of IBV in commercial flocks in Macedonia by molecular methods and to genotype the detected strains thus to establish a map of circulating genotypes in the country. Methods: Molecular survey was performed in 35 poultry farms representative for the whole territory of the country without clinical signs at different production age as part of active surveillance for avian influenza. From each farm 30 cloacal swabs were taken totalling 1050 samples. Samples were pooled by five in the laboratory. Additionally, samples (oropharyngeal swabs, affected organs) were taken from 15 farms with clinically signs (respiratory signs, drop in egg production, altered eqq quality) and post-mortem (respiratory, ovary and kidney lesions) findings associated to IBV. A real-time RT-PCR was performed targeting UTR region on all samples. A two-step nested RT-PCR was performed on all positive samples with primers targeting the S1 gene. Genotyping and subsequent phylogenetic analysis was performed by partial sequencing of the S1 gene region. Results: Results of the present study revealed presence of following genotypes of IBV’s circulating in commercial poultry in Macedonia: 4/91, Italy-02, QX, Mass, D274. This is first report of detection of Italy-02 in Macedonia. Conclusions: Establishing a map of circulating IBV genotypes will help towards better optimisation of vaccination protocol of poultry farms and will contribute towards better understanding of epidemiological situation on a country and regional level.
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    LABORATORY TESTS IN MONITORING HEALTH STATUS IN SHEEP FLOCKS
    (Serbian veterinary society, 2017-09)
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    Application of Fluorescence Based Molecular Assays for Improved Detection and Typing of Brucella Strains in Clinical Samples
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Skopje, 2015-10-01)
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    Naletoski, Ivancho
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    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> Bacteria from the genus Brucella are causative agents of brucellosis - a zoonotic disease which affects many wild and domestic animal species and humans. Taking into account the significant socio-economic and public health impact of brucellosis, its control is of great importance for endemic areas. The chosen control strategy could be successful only if adapted to the current epidemiological situation. This implies that a choice of appropriate diagnostic procedures for detection and typing of Brucella spp. strains are of essential importance. Significant advancement of molecular techniques and their advantages compared to classical methods, give strong arguments in promotion of these techniques as a powerful tool for comprehensive diagnostics of brucellosis. Considering this, the major tasks of the study were to select and implement molecular tests for detection and genotyping Brucella spp. and evaluate their performances using DNA from cultivated brucellae (islolates) and limited number of tissue samples from seropositive animals. The obtained results confirmed that implemented real time PCR for Brucella spp. detection, as well as MLVA-16 used for genotyping, have excellent analytical sensitivity (4.2 fg of Brucella DNA were successfully detected and genotyped). Furthermore, compared to bacteriological cultivation of Brucella spp., real time PCR and MLVA-16 protocols showed superior diagnostic sensitivity and detected Brucella DNA in tissues from which Brucella could not be cultivated. Based on the summarized study results, we propose a diagnostic algorithm for detection and genotyping of Brucella spp. bacteria. Routine use of proposed diagnostic algorithm will improve the effectiveness of infection confirmation and help for accurate evaluation of epidemiological situation.</jats:p>
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    Re-emergence of BTV serotype 4 in North Macedonia, July 2020
    (Wiley, 2021-03)
    Flannery, John
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    King, Simon
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    Rajko-Nenow, Paulina
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    Popova, Zagorka
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    Bluetongue virus serotype 4 (BTV-4) was confirmed in sheep in North Macedonia in July 2020. The full genome of this BTV-4 strain (MKD2020/06) was shown to be most closely related (99.74% nt identity) to the Greek GRE2014/08 and the Hungarian HUN1014 strains, indicating the re-emergence of this BTV serotype in the Balkan region since it was last reported in 2017.
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    Molecular Detection of <i>Ehrlichia canis</i> in the Pet-Dog Population in R. N. Macedonia
    (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021-06-01)
    Petrov, Elena Atanaskova
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    Popova, Zagorka
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    Djadjovski, Igor
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a widespread, tick-borne, canine disease, caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, <jats:italic>Ehrlichia canis</jats:italic>. The main vector, a brown-dog tick, <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</jats:italic>, is widely distributed, especially in areas with tropic, subtropic, or Mediterranean climates (Central and South America, Eastern and Western Asia, Africa, Australia and Southern Europe). The study performed in 2012, by Stefanovska et al., determined a seroprevalence of 18.7% of <jats:italic>E. canis</jats:italic> among the Macedonian dog population. Up to date, the presence of <jats:italic>E. canis</jats:italic>, using molecular diagnostic methods, has not been investigated in Macedonia. Therefore, this study aimed to confirm the presence of <jats:italic>E. canis</jats:italic>, in the pet-dog population on the territory of the city of Skopje, North Macedonia, using a highly sensitive multiplex Real-Time PCR method (qPCR). Whole blood samples from 80 dogs of different breeds and ages, with clinical symptoms of CME and positive serology result for the presence of antibodies against <jats:italic>E.canis</jats:italic>, were collected for analyses. Out of 80 dogs, 36 (45%) were found as positive. The present work reports the first molecular detection of <jats:italic>E. canis</jats:italic> in pet dogs on the territory of the city of Skopje, Macedonia.</jats:p>
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    Development of a multiplex assay for antibody detection in serum against pathogens affecting ruminants
    (Wiley, 2021-05-22)
    Hoste, Alexis C R
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    Ruiz, Tamara
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    Fernández-Pacheco, Paloma
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    Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel
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    Djadjovski, Igor
    Numerous infectious diseases impacting livestock impose an important economic burden and in some cases also represent a threat to humans and are classified as zoonoses. Some zoonotic diseases are transmitted by vectors and, due to complex environmental and socio-economic factors, the distribution of many of these pathogens is changing, with increasing numbers being found in previously unaffected countries. Here, we developed a multiplex assay, based on a suspension microarray, able to detect specific antibodies to five important pathogens of livestock (three of them zoonotic) that are currently emerging in new geographical locations: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), Bluetongue virus (BTV) and the bacteria complex Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using the Luminex platform, polystyrene microspheres were coated with recombinant proteins from each of the five pathogens. The mix of microspheres was used for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against the five corresponding diseases affecting ruminants. The following panel of sera was included in the study: 50 sera from sheep experimentally infected with RVFV, 74 sera from calves and lambs vaccinated with SBV, 26 sera from cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis, 30 field sera from different species of ruminants infected with CCHFV and 88 calf sera infected with BTV. Finally, to determine its diagnostic specificity 220 field sera from Spanish farms free of the five diseases were assessed. All the sera were classified using commercial ELISAs specific for each disease, used in this study as the reference technique. The results showed the multiplex assay exhibited good performance characteristics with values of sensitivity ranging from 93% to 100% and of specificity ranging from 96% to 99% depending on the pathogen. This new tool allows the simultaneous detection of antibodies against five important pathogens, reducing the volume of sample needed and the time of analysis where these pathogens are usually tested individually.
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    Serological evidence of Maedi-Visna and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in sheep and goats in the Korça region in Albania
    (German Multidisciplinary Publishing Center, 2023-12)
    Rezart, Postoli
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    Enkeleida, Ozuni
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    Anita, Koni
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    Sonila, Çoçoli
    <jats:p>Lentiviruses infect small ruminants and cause similar but different two significant diseases: Maedi-Visna in sheep and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in goats. In the current study, 91 of 413 adult sheep and goats from the Korça region tested positive for small ruminant lentiviruses. Furthermore, 11 of the 25 small ruminant herds have at least one positive animal for small ruminant lentiviruses. The overall observed herd prevalence was 44.0% (95% CI: 29–59) for both diseases, 38.6% (95% CI: 18.6-55.1) for Maedi-Visna in sheep, and 66.7% (95% CI: 43.1-90.2) for Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in goats. The average observed prevalence rate ranges from 20% to 82.9% (95% CI: 12–89.2) within positive goat’s herds, while within sheep-positive herds, it varies from 23.1% to 57.1% (95% CI: 11.7–70.4). There was a positive correlation between seroprevalence rate and animal species; goats seem to have an odd 2.36 (OR 95% CI: 1.48-3.76) higher than sheep to test positive in ELISA. Other risk factors, such as farm size, indoor versus outdoor rearing, and close farm biosecurity, may play a role in disease transmission between and within small ruminant animals’ herds. This is the first study on the prevalence of Maedi-Visna infection in sheep and one of the few published Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis studies in Albania. These findings support the presence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) in the Korça district emphasize the need for monitoring and controlling SRLV infection in sheep and goats. According to the study’s conclusions, a yearly monitoring program is essential and must be developed in the future to keep the disease under control. This initiative aims to help owners understand SRLV and the need to raise seronegative animals</jats:p>
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    The Dynamics of Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Clinically Healthy Holstein Cows from Day 5 before to Day 60 after Calving
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Skopje, 2015-10-01)
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    Janevski, Aleksandar
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    Kirovski, Danijela
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> The peripartal period in Holstein dairy cows is critical, due to the transition from pregnancy to lactation. We have studied the dynamics of biochemical parameters from day 5 before to day 60 after calving. The study included 10 multiparous Holstein cows, examined at days -5, 5, 10, 30 and 60 relative to calving. Blood samples were taken from vena jugularis. Analyzed biochemical parameters were glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, albumin, total protein, urea, NEFA and BHBA. Milk production and body condition score were also estimated. Obtained results showed that cows were exposed to mild to marked metabolic distress. Energy status was changed due to increased values of NEFA and BHBA and decreased value of glucose after calving. Protein concentrations were increased at day 10 after calving, despite the decrease of the level of albumin. Urea concentrations before and after calving were within physiological range indicating an optimal protein diet. Increased values of total bilirubin at day 5 after calving indicated liver increased activity. Lipid status presented by triglycerides and total cholesterol revealed no differences in blood concentrations. Milk production was highest at day 30 after calving. BCS were highest in dry cows, thereafter they declined and recovered at day 60 after calving.</jats:p> <jats:p>In conclusion, biochemical parameters can be used as relevant indicators of metabolic distress in cows around calving with milk and BCS recording as aside parameters. Changes in some biochemical parameters indicate liver increased activity and metabolic stress, that could lead to decreased milk production, impaired reproductive performance and, finally, to illness.</jats:p>
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    Prevalence and Clinical Signs of Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome at The First Day after Farrowing in Farmed Sows in The Republic of Macedonia
    (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2019-03-01)
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    Radeski, Miroslav
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    Djadjovski, Igor
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    Bojkovski, Jovan
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) and associated clinical signs in farmed sows in the Republic of Macedonia (RM) in the first 12-24 h postpartum. A total of 202 sows of different parity and different genetic lines from 5 pig farms in RM were included in the study. The sows and their litters were clinically examined 12-24 hours after farrowing. Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome was detected in 23.3% of all clinically examined sows, while prevalence between farms ranged from 14.8% to 38.1%. Altered piglet’s behavior was the most frequent clinical pattern observed in 68.1% of the PDS–affected (PDSA) sows. Regarding the clinical signs in PDSA sows detected among farms, significant differences were observed in the altered piglet’s behavior (p<0.05) and hypogalactia (p<0.05). Endometritis was more often detected in older sows (90%) compared to endometritis in younger animals (44.4%). In addition, fever was also more frequently diagnosed in higher parity (≥3 parity) sows (55.0%) in contrast to other PDSA sows (22.2%). This study has demonstrated the presence of PDS in farmed sows in RM. High frequency of altered piglet’s behavior found in this study could be an useful indicator for early detection of lactation problems in sows. Frequent pathological vaginal discharge in older sows indicates that endometritis plays an important role in the clinical manifestation of PDS. Further investigations should be conducted in order to identify specific risk factors associated with clinical PDS in farmed sows in RM.</jats:p>