Sekovska, Blagica

Preferred name
Sekovska, Blagica
Official Name
Sekovska, Blagica
Main Affiliation
Email
bsekovska@fvm.ukim.edu.mk

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    Corrigendum: Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2022-04-20)
    Hodnik, Jaka Jakob
    ;
    Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin
    ;
    Alishani, Mentor
    ;
    Autio, Tiina
    ;
    Balseiro, Ana
    [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.688078.]. The COST action “Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control),” aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for selected cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A selected cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of the selected cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.
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    Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2021)
    Hodnik, Jaka Jakob
    ;
    Acinger-Rogić, Žaklin
    ;
    Alishani, Mentor
    ;
    Autio, Tiina
    ;
    Balseiro, Ana
    The COST action "Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)," aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min-max: 1-13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.
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    TOTAL PHOSPHORUS QUANTIFICATION IN ANIMAL FEED, MILK, MEAT AND THEIR PRODUCTS USING THE ISO 13730:1996 METHOD
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Skopje, 2024-09-22)
    Tome Nestorovski
    ;
    Stefan, Jovanov
    ;
    ;
    ;
    Phosphorus is a macro-element naturally present in animal feed, meat, milk and their products. Due to its beneficial properties, it is also used as an additive in these food groups. Monitoring total phosphorus concentrations in all food and feed products, whether it occurs naturally or is added during processing, is crucial for health safety. A high and unregulated intake of phosphorus can lead to side effects such as cardiovascular and kidney diseases as well as other complications in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to integrate the phosphorus quantification method for animal feed described in ISO 6491:1998, into the previously optimized spectroscopy conditions for total phosphorus quantification in both meat and milk food matrices as a continuation of the research. The proficiency test results, with assigned value of 5870 mg / kg yielded a Z – score of - 0.3. Following this, the method was verified by determining the standard deviation (SD) for each sample series, the repeatability (r), and the expanded uncertainty (U). The results have confirmed that the conditions of the ISO 13730:1996 method are suitable for accurately quantifying total phosphorus content in all animal feed, meat and milk matrices. This unification contributes to reducing the cost and time required for performing the analysis, and ensures excellent precision in quantifying total phosphorus content, thus expanding the scope of application.
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    Systematic multi-year surveillance of honey compliance and fraud in North Macedonia, 2020–2024
    (Springer Nature, 2026-02-20)
    Nestorovski Tome
    ;
    Jovanov Stefan
    ;
    ;
    ;
    Trajkovska Melita J.
    Honey adulteration represents a significant food safety and economic concern globally, yet comprehensive data from North Macedonia remains lacking. This study evaluated 538 honey samples (391 domestic, 147 imported) collected between 2020 and 2024 for compliance with national and EU quality standards. Overall, 9.48% of samples failed at least one quality parameter, with domestic honey showing higher non-compliance (12.53%) than imported (1.4%). The primary causes of non-compliance were elevated hydroxymethylfurfural (64.7%) and reduced diastase activity (43.1%), indicating heat-related exposure. Among 16 samples failing C4 sugar analysis, 7 (43.8%) met all other regulatory requirements, suggesting sophisticated adulteration methods that evade routine testing. Statistical analysis revealed very strong associations between heat-related parameters. Temporal analysis showed declining overall non-compliance but increasing prevalence of diastase-related failures. These findings, representing the first systematic assessment of honey adulteration in North Macedonia, indicate that while basic market surveillance appears effective, current testing protocols may miss economically motivated adulteration. Implementation of routine C4 sugar analysis, particularly for samples passing conventional parameters, is essential for comprehensive fraud detection and consumer protection.