SCIENTIFIC AND REGULATORY PERSPECTIVES ON IRRADIATED FOOD: DETECTION STANDARDS AND SAFETY EVALUATION

Abstract

Food irradiation is a scientifically validated and internationally endorsed technology that applies ionizing radiation to improve the microbiological safety and shelf life of food products. By effectively inactivating pathogens, parasites, and pests without significantly compromising nutritional or sensory quality, irradiation serves as a potent alternative to conventional decontamination methods. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the scientific principles underlying irradiation, detailing the mechanisms of action, microbiological efficacy, toxicological safety, and minimal impact on nutritional value. These findings are supported by extensive evaluations from authoritative bodies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The paper also explores the regulatory landscape surrounding food irradiation, with particular focus on the European Union’s limited list of approved irradiated food categories under Directives 1999/2/EC and 1999/3/EC. The implications of regulatory fragmentation within the EU and the contrasts with countries such as the United States, Canada, India, and Thailand are assessed. Key applications, such as pathogen reduction in meat and poultry, insect control in spices and grains, and phytosanitary treatment for exportable fruits are discussed alongside economic and logistical benefits. Consumer perception remains a major barrier to widespread acceptance, often shaped by misconceptions and negative associations with the term “irradiation.” Strategies for effective communication, labeling transparency, and public education are examined. The review further assesses CEN (the European Committee for Standardization)-standardized and emerging detection methodologies critical for regulatory enforcement and traceability. Finally, it highlights the role of irradiation in advancing climateresilient food systems, reducing post-harvest losses, and supporting global food security, while calling for harmonized regulation and greater international cooperation.