CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 CORRELATED WITH SEVERITY OF CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND SARS COV-2 VACCINATION STATUS
Journal
Македонски Медицински Преглед = Macedonian Medical Review
Date Issued
2024
Author(s)
Aleksandra Tatabitovska
Dejan Todevski
Bojan Stoshevski
Tamara Savevska
Ivan Petrovski
Abstract
Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed
life across the planet, claiming approximately 7 mi-
llion lives and more than 776 million cases reported
globally, leaving many people with lasting sequelae.
Of particular importance is understanding the immune
system's defense responses against SARS-CoV-2
infection, with an emphasis on T-lymphocyte cells that
modulate both cellular and humoral part.
Aims. To determine epidemiological and clinical featu-
res, especially comorbidities in patients who have had
severe and mild COVID-19, to determine differences
in cellular and humoral immune response and to co-
rrelate with vaccination status for SARS CoV-2.
Methods. A 6-month-prospective cohort study was
conducted at the University Clinic for Pulmonology
and Allergology and the Institute of Immunobiology
and Human Genetics at the Faculty of Medicine -
Skopje. The study included 88 patients with pre-exis-
ting COVID-19 divided into two groups: patients with
mild clinical manifestations and patients with severe
clinical manifestations requiring hospitalization. The
parameters of patients' medical history, number and
type of comorbidities, parameters of cellular and hu-
moral immune response, data on vaccination against
SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed.
Conclusion. The severity of the clinical presentation
correlated directly with the number of comorbidities,
and inversely with the vaccination status. Comorbidi-
ties were present in 87.7% of patients with a severe
clinical course. No correlation was found with the
smoking status. The study showed that 97.72% of all patients had positive neutralizing antibodies for SARS-
CoV-2. Positive cellular immunity had 54.55% of pa-
tients, significantly higher in the group with severe
COVID-19 and vaccinated patients. There was a posi-
tive correlation between cellular and humoral immu-
nity, but in 2 cases (4.16%) where the humoral respon-
se was absent, a positive cellular response was verified.
life across the planet, claiming approximately 7 mi-
llion lives and more than 776 million cases reported
globally, leaving many people with lasting sequelae.
Of particular importance is understanding the immune
system's defense responses against SARS-CoV-2
infection, with an emphasis on T-lymphocyte cells that
modulate both cellular and humoral part.
Aims. To determine epidemiological and clinical featu-
res, especially comorbidities in patients who have had
severe and mild COVID-19, to determine differences
in cellular and humoral immune response and to co-
rrelate with vaccination status for SARS CoV-2.
Methods. A 6-month-prospective cohort study was
conducted at the University Clinic for Pulmonology
and Allergology and the Institute of Immunobiology
and Human Genetics at the Faculty of Medicine -
Skopje. The study included 88 patients with pre-exis-
ting COVID-19 divided into two groups: patients with
mild clinical manifestations and patients with severe
clinical manifestations requiring hospitalization. The
parameters of patients' medical history, number and
type of comorbidities, parameters of cellular and hu-
moral immune response, data on vaccination against
SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed.
Conclusion. The severity of the clinical presentation
correlated directly with the number of comorbidities,
and inversely with the vaccination status. Comorbidi-
ties were present in 87.7% of patients with a severe
clinical course. No correlation was found with the
smoking status. The study showed that 97.72% of all patients had positive neutralizing antibodies for SARS-
CoV-2. Positive cellular immunity had 54.55% of pa-
tients, significantly higher in the group with severe
COVID-19 and vaccinated patients. There was a posi-
tive correlation between cellular and humoral immu-
nity, but in 2 cases (4.16%) where the humoral respon-
se was absent, a positive cellular response was verified.
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