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  4. 'Da' in Macedonian: Conjunction and/or particle
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'Da' in Macedonian: Conjunction and/or particle

Date Issued
2023-08
Author(s)
Karapejovski, Boban
Pandeva, Marija
Abstract
The particle ―da‖ is well-known and frequent in South and Balkan Slavic languages. Its origin
can be traced back to the Indo-European pronominal *do- or back to *d/(t)ōd, an ablativ form
meaning that something should happen in near future, or so-called expectativity (cf. ГрковићМејџор 2004; Beekes 2011; Иванова 2022). In the Balkan Slavic languages it has developed
meanings and functions such as being an equivalent to infinitive, subjunctive, optative and so on
(cf. Иванова 2022; Бужаровска & Митковска 2021). We will try to examine examples in
which ―da‖ is treated as conjunction in sentences called ―declarative‖ (―iskazni‖) in the
Macedonian syntax tradition (Минова-Ѓуркова 2020а), or ―complementary‖ sentences,
(Тополињска 1995; Тополињска 2007).
(1) Ми рече да дојдам.
IDAT say3SG.PF.PST toconj/part come1SG.PRS
‗(S)He told me to come.‘
(2) Ми рече дека ќе дојде.
IDAT say3SG.PF.PST thatconj willPART come3SG.PRS
‗(S)He told me that (s)he will come.‘
(3) Сакам да дојдам.
Want1SG.PRS. toconj/part come1SG.PRS
‗I want to come.‘
(4) Сакам да дојдеш.
Want1SG.PRS. toconj/part come2SG.PRS
‗I want you to come.‘
(5) ...уште барам човек да работи во кујна...
stilladv look for1S.PRS men toconj/part work3SG.PRS inPREP kitchen
‗...still looking for somebody to work in kitchen...‘
Comparing the examples (1)–(5), we can see that in (1), using ‗da‘, we are talking about
an action in the dependent clause that is completing (therefore ‗complementary‘) the meaning of
an action introduced in the independent clause (predicates of speaking, hearing etc.; so-called
predicates of second and third rank) that is not presented as a fact (or we are unaware about its
completion). In (2), we have the same case as in (1) but with expected result in the future,
therefore we are using the particle ―ќe‖ (will) – we can‘t use the particle ―da‖ because the future
tense, ex definitione, talks about prospected action, a nonfactive one, and two markers of
nonfactivity cannot be used in one predicate. (3) and (4) are examples of second rank predicates,
but the complement varies regarding the category of the person, and that brings us to (5) in
which the so-called ―da-construction‖ is primarily linked to a nominal rather that to a verbal
element in an independent clause. Therefore, we can talk about ―subjunctive relatives‖ and we
can call it an adnominal usage of the ―da-construction‖ (cf. Бужаровска & Митковска 2021,
Карапејовски 2023).
On various Macedonian corpora we will try to establish the use of the ―da-construction‖
as a marker of nonfactivity vis-à-vis other conjunctions in the same type of sentences. As a result
we expect to make an initial classification of the different usages of the ―da-construction‖, and
the predominant use of ―da‖ as a particle and/or conjunction.
Key words: ―da‖, Macedonian Language, particle, conjunction
References
Бужаровска, Е., Митковска, Л. (2021) „Да-конструкциите во комплетивна функција―,
Прилози на Одделението за лингвистика и литературна наука, 359–376. Скопје: МАНУ.
Грковић-Мејџор, Ј. (2004) „Развој хипотатактичког да у старосрпском језику―, Зборник
Матице српске за филологију и лингвистику 47-1/2, 185–203.
Ѓуркова, А., 2015. „Сврзникот да во македонските црквенословенски текстови во споредба
со другите јужнословенски редакции на црквенословенскиот―, Slovo 65, 1–20.
Иванова, Е. Ю. (2022) Балканославянская ирреальность в зеркале русского языка.
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определеност во македонскиот јазик. Скопје: Книгоиздавателство Ми-Ан. (in press)
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семантичката структура на реченицата. Кraków: PAU.
Фридман, В. (2011) „Типологијата на употребата на да во балканските јазици―,
Македонистички студии, 43–52 Скопје: МАНУ.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction.
Amsterdam – Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Ivić, Milka. (1970) „O upotrebi glagolskih vremena u zavisnoj rečenici: prezent u rečenici s
veznikom da―, Zbornik Matice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku XIII/1, 43—54.
Lindstedt, J. (2010) ―Mood in Bulgarian and Macedonian‖, Mood in the languages of Europe,
Rothstein, B., Thieroff, R. (eds.), 409–421. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
Mitkovska, L., Bužarovska, E., Ivanova, E. (2017) ―Apprehensive-epistemic da-constructions in
Balkan Slavic‖, Slověne 2017/2, 57–83.
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