Now showing 1 - 10 of 14
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    Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in raw milk and feed in Macedonia during 2013
    (Elsevier BV, 2016-01)
    Dimitrieska-Stojković, Elizabeta
    ;
    Stojanovska-Dimzoska, Biljana
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    Ilievska, Gordana
    ;
    Uzunov, Risto
    ;
    Stojković, Goran
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    Item type:Publication,
    A New Lc-Ms/Ms Method for Multiple Residues/Contaminants In Bovine Meat
    (Research Square, 2020-07-10)
    Hajrulai-Musliu, Zehra
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    Uzunov, Risto
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    Jovanov, Stefan
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    ;
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>A multi-class and multi-residue/contaminant method for the determination of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine meat has been developed and validated. The veterinary drug residues/contaminants included antimicrobials, anabolic hormones, lactones, β-agonists, mycotoxins, and pesticides. Isotopic labeled internal standards were included to compensate residual matrix effects. The calibrators used in the method demonstrated linearity with the coefficient of correlation (R2) > 0.98. The decision limit (CCα) values were in the range from 0.067 to 2103.84 μg/kg, while the range for detection capability (CCβ) was from 0.083 to 2482.13 μg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the range from 0.059 to 291.36 μg/kg, and 0.081 to 328.13 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery of analytes ranged from 61.28 % to 116.20 %. The intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) was from 0.97 to 25.93 % and the inter-day CV was 2.30-34.04 %. The method has been used for the determination of 49 residues/contaminants in bovine meat.</jats:p>
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    Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin a in Animal Liver Using HPLC-FD Method with Immunoaffinity Column Clean-Up
    (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021-05-12)
    Stojanovska-Dimzoska, Biljana
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    Dimitrieska-Stojkovic, Elizabeta
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    Hajrulai-Musliu, Zehra
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    Uzunov, Risto
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    Angeleska, Aleksandra
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Analytical methods based on immunoaffinity column clean-up and quantitative determination with liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection were used to determine aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in liver samples. The validation of the procedures was performed. The linearity of the methods was checked, and a good coefficient of correlation was found for all aflatoxins and OTA as well. The LOD and LOQ were acceptable: 0.003 µg/kg and 0.009 µg/kg for AFB<jats:sub>1</jats:sub>; 0.001 µg/kg and 0.005 µg/kg for AFB<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>; 0.006 µg/kg and 0.020 µg/kg for AFG<jats:sub>1</jats:sub>; 0.007 µg/kg and 0.022 µg/kg for AFG<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>; 0.08 µg/kg and 0.27 µg/kg for OTA. The results for the repeatability estimated by the relative standard deviation (RSD<jats:sub>r</jats:sub>) were satisfactory and the obtained values were in the acceptable range (1.97–14.41% for all aflatoxins and 3.76-8.31% for OTA) at three proposed concentration levels. RSD<jats:sub>R</jats:sub> values showed acceptable correlation between two analysts for all four aflatoxins and OTA. The RSD<jats:sub>R</jats:sub> values were as followed: 2.37% and 5.60% for AFB1, 6.71% and 8.78% for AFB<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, 4.40% and 7.00% for AFG<jats:sub>1</jats:sub> and 10.30% and 13.91% for AFG<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (for the first and second analyst, respectively). The RSDR values for OTA were 4.91% and 3.15% (1 µg/kg); 3.76% and 4.12% (5 µg/kg) and 8.31% and 8.21% (10 µg/kg). The mean recovery for total aflatoxins and OTA were 78.10% and 93.34%, respectively. All validation parameters were in accordance to European legislation. They indicate that the proposed analytical procedures are suitable and they could be methods of choice for the determination of aflatoxins and OTA in liver samples.</jats:p>
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    Item type:Publication,
    Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in raw milk and feed in Macedonia during 2013
    (Elsevier BV, 2016-01)
    Dimitrieska-Stojković, Elizabeta
    ;
    Stojanovska-Dimzoska, Biljana
    ;
    Ilievska, Gordana
    ;
    Uzunov, Risto
    ;
    Stojković, Goran
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    Item type:Publication,
    Detection of Enterotoxigenic Potential of <i>Staphylococcus Aureus</i> Isolates from Cheese Samples with Two Different Methods
    (Macedonian Veterinary Review, 2022-03-29)
    Manovska, Marija Ratkova
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    Prodanov, Mirko
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    ;
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    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The primary objective of our study was to detect the occurrence of enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> in diverse types of cheese (cow’s milk cheese and mixed milk cheese) samples from R.N. Macedonia. Cheese samples were analyzed for enumeration and isolation of the <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic> strains according to ISO 6888-1. We detected the toxigenic potential of the strains by the use of the Enzyme Link Fluorescent Assay VIDAS system, and we confirmed the presence of the SEs (<jats:italic>sea, seb, sec, sed, see</jats:italic>) genes by multiplex PCR. The results showed that out of 270 samples of cheese, coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) were detected in 27 (10%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci in five samples (1.8%). Biochemically, all 27 CPS samples were confirmed to be <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus.</jats:italic> With VIDAS SET2 test we confirmed that 11 isolates are producers of one of the toxins limited by the test. With the conventional PCR we confirmed genes in only 7 isolates. Most common detected gene was <jats:italic>seb</jats:italic> n=3 (42.8%), followed by <jats:italic>sea</jats:italic> n=2 (28.6%), and <jats:italic>sec</jats:italic> n=2 (28.6%). Additionally, <jats:italic>sed</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>see</jats:italic> genes were not detected in any of the <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic> isolates. Discrepancies between the two test methods for detection of enterotoxigenic potential are not uncommon. The presence of viable <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> cells that have enterotoxin potency demonstrates the importance of appropriate hygiene practices in the diary process and also the maintenance of the products in order to obtain a safe final product for the consumers.</jats:p>
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    A new LC-MS/MS method for multiple residues/contaminants in bovine meat
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2021-12-08)
    Hajrulai-Musliu, Zehra
    ;
    Uzunov, Risto
    ;
    Jovanov, Stefan
    ;
    ;
    A multi-class and multi-residue/contaminant method for the determination of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine meat has been developed and validated. The veterinary drug residues/contaminants included antimicrobials, anabolic hormones, lactones, β-agonists, mycotoxins, and pesticides. Isotopic labeled internal standards were included to compensate residual matrix effects. The calibrators used in the method demonstrated linearity with the R2 > 0.98. The decision limit (CCα) values were in the range from 0.067 to 2103.84 μg/kg, while the range for detection capability (CCβ) was from 0.083 to 2482.13 μg/kg. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were in the range from 0.059 to 291.36 μg/kg, and 0.081 to 328.13 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery of analytes ranged from 61.28% to 116.20%. The intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) was from 0.97 to 25.93% and the inter-day CV was 2.30-34.04%. The method has been used for the determination of 49 residues/contaminants in bovine meat. Application of the method in routine analysis in bovine samples, revealed in limited samples the presences of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and sulfadiazine at the concentration of 35.22 µg/kg, 27.35 µg/kg, and 36.20 µg/kg, respectively.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Validation procedure for determination of zearalenone in cereals implementing commission decision 2002/657/EC
    (2014-04-30)
    Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
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    Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
    ;
    ;
    Aleksandra Angjeleska
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    Item type:Publication,
    Determination of veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins, and pesticide residues in bovine milk by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation –tandem mass spectrometry
    (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2022-05-31)
    Hajrulai-Musliu, Zehra
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    Uzunov, Risto
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    Jovanov, Stefan
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    Kerluku, Maksud
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    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0027_s_006"> <jats:title>Introduction</jats:title> <jats:p>Multi-class and multi-residue analyses are very complex procedures because of the physico-chemical properties of veterinary drug residues and other contaminants. The purpose of the study was to develop an analytical method for the sensitive determination of 69 analytes in bovine milk by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation–tandem mass spectrometry.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0027_s_007"> <jats:title>Material and Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>Antimicrobial, anabolic hormone, lactone, β-agonist, mycotoxin and pesticide residues were analysed in 120 raw milk samples from different dairy farms in North Macedonia. Stable isotopically labelled internal standards were used to facilitate effective quantification of the analytes.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0027_s_008"> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The linear regression coefficients were higher than 0.99, the limits of detection ranged from 0.0036 to 47.94 μg/L, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.053 to 59.43 μg/L. The decision limit values ranged from 0.062 to 211.32 μg/L and the detection capability from 0.080 to 233.71 μg/L. Average recoveries of the analytes spiked in raw milk were in the range of 70.83% to 109%, intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) values from 2.41% to 22.29%, and inter-day CV values from 3.48% to 23.91%. The method was successfully applied in the testing of bovine milk samples. In five samples residues were detected. They were sulfadimethoxine (in two samples), enrofloxacin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline and were at concentrations below the EU maximum residue limit.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="j_jvetres-2022-0027_s_009"> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>The method is useful for routine testing for this group of chemical hazards in bovine milk.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
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    Item type:Publication,
    Prevalence of the Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Raw Milk and Cheese Produced in North Macedonia
    (Macedonian Veterinary Review, 2021-03-15)
    Manovska, Marija Ratkova
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    Prodanov, Mirko
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    Angelovski, Ljupcho
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    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> is an important foodborne pathogen due to toxin-related virulence, invasiveness and antibiotic resistance. The ability of <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic> strains to produce one or more staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in food has been associated with the occurrence of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), which is the most common foodborne intoxication worldwide. The study aimed to determine the count of <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic> strains in samples of raw cow’s milk and various cheeses produced in R. North Macedonia and to detect their ability to produce enterotoxins by passive agglutination SET RPLA (OXOID, UK) and by enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) VIDAS SET 2 (Biomerieux, France). A total of 130 <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic> strains were analyzed. The ability to produce SEs was determined in 17 (13.1%) strains using the SET RPLA detection kit and in 20 (15.4%) strains using the VIDAS SET 2. The study detected enterotoxigenic strains in cheese samples, despite the low count of <jats:italic>S. aureus</jats:italic> which was below the detection limit according to the Book of rules for microbiological criteria (Off. G. of R.M no 100/2013). Based on these and similar findings, <jats:italic>S. aure</jats:italic>us must be considered as a possible cause of intoxication, despite the undetected and underreported cases of SFP in the scientific literature.</jats:p>
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    PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS USED FOR TYPING OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM-β-LACTAMASES- PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM INFANT ҆ S RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, 2018-10-15)
    Popova, Gorica
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    Felix, Benjamin
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    Stojanovska - Dimzovska, Biljana
    Escherichia coli infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat because of emerging antimicrobial resistance, mostly to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs).Despite extensive studies of ESBL- producing E.coli in adult patients, there is a lack of information about the epidemiology and spread of ESBL organisms in pediatric population. The aim of this study was to examine the gastrointestinal tract as an endogenous reservoir for the respiratory tract colonization with ESBL- E. coli in children, hospitalized because of the severity of the respiratory illness. The study group consists of 40 children with ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from the sputum and from the rectal samples. A control group of 15 E. coli isolated from rectal swabs of healthy children were included in the analysis. The comparison of the strains was done by using antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the stains, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis was performed for molecular typing, using XbaI digestion. 90% of the compared pairs of strains in the study group were with identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and indistinguishable in 79.2% by the obtained PFGE – profiles.33.3% (5/15) of confirmed E. coli strains from the control group were found to be ESBL – producers. Resulting band profiles of all isolates demonstrated presence of 12 pulsotypes, with 100% similarity within the pulsotypes. Although, some isolates obtained from different patients were genetically indistinguishable, these strains were not hospital acquired, as none of the patients satisfied the criteria for hospital acquired pneumonia, and there was a lack of an obvious transmission chain. All ESBL –E. coli isolated from sputum in clinical cases were obtained from patients under the age of one. According to the resistance profile of the compared pairs and the PFGE comparison of all isolates, it can be concluded that the gastrointestinal tract is the main reservoir of ESBL-E. coli. Small age in infants is a risk factor for translocation of bacteria, enabling the colonization of the respiratory tract.