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    Use of ultrasound in pregnancy -opportunities and challenges for assessment of neurological development
    (AD ZEGIN, 2024-11-13)
    Advances in ultrasound technology and development of 4d have enabled evaluation of fetal movement and facial expressions in fetus.The purpouse of this test is to observe tne intrauterine neurological behavior of the fetus to predict developemnetal disorders.
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    Macrohematuria in SARS-COV-2 pregnant patient
    (Македонско лекарско друштво = Macedonian medical association, 2021)
    Purrini, Rina
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    Bejta, Albina
    Covid-19 is a new virus and very little research has been done regarding it. Target organs of SARS-CoV-2 are not only the lungs and the heart but other organs as well. There has been a huge focus on the effect this novel virus has on the kidneys. This is proven by the presence of proteinuria, hematuria and acute kidney injury (AKI). This has been specifically noted in pregnant women, who are a target group for a more complex COVID19 disease than in the nonpregnant ones. We have reported a case of a COVID19 positive patient with a gemellar pregnancy complicated with macrohematuria because of transitory glomerular damage due to the virus infection. The patient delivered two healthy COVID19 negative newborns, while she continued treatment in the Clinic of Infectology. Pregnant women, without any previous kidney pathology are prone to kidney damage as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and should be closely monitored for the development of AKI in order to prevent it. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, macrohematuria, acidum uricum, kidney
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    In-hospital outcome of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy – a single center study
    (Medical Publishing, d.o.o., 2014-10-29)
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    Arnaudova-Dezulovic, Frosina
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    Palasheva, Lidija
    Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCMP) is a disorder of unknown cause in which initial left ventricular systolic dysfunction and symptoms of heart failure (HF) occur between the last month of pregnancy and the first 5 months postpartum. The causes and pathogenesis are poorly understood and PPCMP remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Clinical presentation includes usual signs and symptoms of heart failure, and unusual presentations relating to thromboembolism. Effective HF treatment reduces mortality rates and increases the number of women who fully recover left ventricular (LV) systolic function. PPCMP is common in some countries and rare in others. During 6 years period (2008-2014) 22 patents (pts) were admitted to our hospital with diagnosis of PPCMP. 16(73%) pts were admitted to our hospital immediately post-partum, because of acute HF which needed immediate and aggressive HF treatment. Six (27%) pts presented congestive HF symptoms during the first three months after delivery. At the admission all the pts had documented LV systolic dysfunction with echocardiography (EF <45%). Five of them (23%) had severely impaired LV systolic function (EF=25-30%), seven (32%) pts had EF of 30-40%, and 10 (45%) pts had mild LV systolic dysfunction. During the hospitalization, clinical and functional improvement and stabilization was achieved in all patients. Complete recovery of LV systolic function was observed in 12 (55%) pts with PPCMP. In 10 pts (45%) there was persistence of LV systolic dysfunction determined with echocardiography. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is rare, but a serious disease associated with significant cardiac functional deterioration. Early diagnosis and appropriate medical treatment allows good functional recovery in majority of these patients and favorable prognosis. Reliable population-based information about incidence and prevalence of PPCMP is essential to the development of health policies for prevention and control of this condition.
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    The influence on coagulation of transdermal estrogen hormone replacement therapy as a preoperative preparation of the tissue before vaginal hysterectomy
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2004)
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    Kiprovska, Gordana
    In 32 postmenopausal patients who underwent vaginal hysterectomy due to the presence of uterine prolapse at the Department of Uro-gynaecology and Pelvic Floor Disorders in the Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, Skopje in the period from 1st January 2002 to 1st January 2003, and who were preoperatively treated with transdermal estradiol 50 microg/day during 14 days the following parameters of the coagulating status were estimated: prothrombin time (PT) that is expressed in: absolute value, percentage and INR; activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT Pathrombin SL); thrombin time and platelets number before and after hormone replacement therapy. After 14-day transdermal estrogen therapy, the parameters: PT, PT%, PT INR, aPTT Pathrombin SL didn't expressed significant changes, the thrombin time expressed significant extension, and the platelets expressed a significant decrease. According to our results, the transdermal estrogens might not have any influence on the hepatic synthesis of coagulating factors till the step of prothrombin formation. They might have an essential influence on the step of prothrombin transformation into thrombin, as well as on the process of megacaryocytes segregation into platelets.
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    Evaluation of HOMA IR in perimenopause patients with abnormal uterine bleeding
    (MSD Publications India Pvt Ltd., 2024-02-25)
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    <jats:p>Introduction: Perimenopause as a clinical entity is characterized by a series of symptoms that occur due to estrogen deficiency in multiple organs and systems. Obesity is a risk factor that favors all these changes, especially hyperplasia. Glucose homeostasis is often impaired in these patients, insulin levels are increased, and HOMA IR is increased. Goals: to detect hyperplasia in obese perimenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding to determine insulin levels, HOMA IR, to determine the association between hyperplasia and HOMA IR. Material and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, performed at the OB/GYN Clinic, over 1 year. 100 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding during the perimenopause were involved, aged 45–50, divided into two groups based on BMI. 1-patients with a BMI above 30, 2-patients with a BMI under 30, and the control group consisted of 40 asymptomatic patients. Results: The average value of glycemia in the first group was higher and was 5.7 mmol/l, the cut-off value was 5,5. The average value of the HOMA-IR insulin resistance index in the first group was highest - 2.8 (the cut-off value was 1.8). Endometrial hyperplasia was registered in the first group at 40.9%. Discussion: The first group registered a significant association between HOMA IR and hyperplasia, the risk of endometrial hyperplasia occurring was eight times higher. The first group registered a significant association between glycemia and endometrial hyperplasia. High levels of glycemia increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia occurring three times. Conclusion: In menopausal transition patients with abnormal uterine bleeding there is an increased incidence of endometrial hyperplasia, hyperglycemia, and increased HOMA IR. There is a strong association between these changes and the risk of cardiovascular disease increases. Menopause is a period in a woman’s life that requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnostics and treatment. Keywords: HOMA IR, perimenopause, abnormal bleeding, hyperplasia.</jats:p>
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    ПЕРИНАТАЛЕН ИСХОД КАЈ ПАЦИЕНТКИ СО НИСКА ВРЕДНОСТ НА ПЛАЗМА ПРОТЕИНАПОВРЗАН СО БРЕМЕНОСТА (PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED PLASMA PROTEIN A) ВО ПРВ ТРИМЕСТАР
    (2019-11-05)
    Вовед Неповолниот перинатален исход вклучува предвремени породувања,новородени, мали за гестациска возраст,хипертензивни пореметувања во бременост и мртвороденост. Тие се главни клинички ентитети кои го одредуваат перинаталниот морбидитет и морталитет и во најголем дел се компликациикои се јавуваат во третиот триместар,а водат потекло од несоодветно формирање на постелката во првиот триместар. Плазма протеинот А асоциран со бременоста(PAPP-A) и хуманиот хорионски гонадотропин (βHCG) создaдени во постелката, заедно со дефинирани ултразвучни параметри,се интегрирани во скринингот во првиот триместар за анеуплоидии на хромозомите21, 18 и 13. Плазма протеинот А асоциран со бременост (PAPP-A) е протеаза која делува на Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4),резултирајќи ослободување на слободен Insulin–like growth factor(IGF). Произведенвосинцициотрофобластот, ја стимулира клеточната митоза и диференцијација,ја контролира трофобластната инвазија на децидуата и моделирањето на спиралните артерии, а делува на феталниот раст преку искористувањето на аминокиселините и гликозата во трофобластот.Раната идентификација на пациенткитесо ниска вредност на PAPP-A (помала од 0,4 МоМ), при комбинираниот скрининг во првиот триместар од 10+6 до 13+6 гестациска недела (г.н.),има за цел предвидување на неповолниот перинатален исход, по исклучување на анеуплоидии, (кај скриниг позитивните пациентки - > 1: 300) и нехромозомски аномалии. Материјал и методи На Универзитетската клиника за гинекологија и акушерство во Скопје, спроведена е проспективна студија во период на 2018 година. Селекцијата на пациентките беше од пациентки кај кои е направен скрининг за анеуплоидии во првиот триместар од 10+6 до 13+6 г.н. Од нив се селектираа тие со низок PAPP-A (< 0,4 МоМ) кои беа застапени во 3,8%(н=363) на годишно ниво. Дел од пациентките кои не беа следени и породени на Клиниката беа исклучени од студијата. Кај пациентките со висок комбиниран ризик за анеуплоидиибеа исклучени хромозомски и нехромозомски абнормалности. По добивање информирана согласностбеа вклучени во студијата. Пациентките беа поделени во две групи: испитаничка група од 64 пациентки,поделена во две подгрупи(до 0,29 МоМ и од 0,30 МоМ до 0,39 МоМ) и контролната група 50 пациентки каде PAPP-A≥ 0,4 МоМ. Концентрацијата на βHCGи PAPP-A се изработени од 5мл периферна венска крв во епрувета без реагенс. PAPP-Aсе одредува со in vitro дијагностика - Immulite 2000 HPi Systems анализатор, Diagnostic Products Corporation, за квантитативно мерење на PAPP-Aво серум. Тоа е цврсто фазен, ензимски означен хемилуминисцентен имунометрички есеј. Ранг на калибрација е до 10 mIU/mL, со ниска аналитичка сензитивност од 0.025 mIU/mL. Ризикот се одредува со софтвер–PRISCA (Prenatal RISk CAlculation), v. 5.0.3.1.,каде се внесуваат податоци за концентрациите добиени од анализата на серумот и ултразвучни параметри(CRL- растојание теме-тртица кај фетусот,нухално просветлување т.н. NT-nuchal translucency и присуство на носна коска) со одредени релевантни анамнестички податоци (за возраст на мајката,расно потекло,тежина на мајката,претходно дете родено со анеуплоидија, статус на пушење цигари, дијабетес, паритети IVF).За висок ризик за Тризомија 21 се зема комбиниран ризик поголем од 1:300.Користен е прашалник кој вклучува: анамнестички, демографски податоци, лична, акушерска анамнеза и информации за сегашната бременост. Пациентките се следени со ултразвучни прегледи во 18 г.н. и во 22г.н. за скрининг на аномалии и должина на грлото на матката.Од 28 г.н. до 32 г.н. и во 36 г.н. се прави контролен ултразвук на фетален раст,волумен на амнионска течност,состојба на постелка и фето-плацентарни протоци. Пациентките со сомнение за застој во растот, со измерени вредности за церебро-умбиликален проток кој укажува на почетна редистрибуција на крвотокот во фетусот и со појава на знаци на прееклампсија се почесто следени во согласност со клиничкиот протокол. Податоците за мајчиниот и новороденечкиот исход од бременоста се добиени по породувањето од медицинската документација при испис од Клиникатa. Анализирано е влијанието на вредноста на PAPP-A врз перинаталниот исход кај овие бремености. Резултати Постои асоцијација на ниските вредности на PAPP-A и неповолниот перинатален исход кај овие бремености кој вклучува мала родилна тежиназа гестациската возраст и предвремено породување, со недоволна предиктивносткоја може да се зголеми со вклучување на вредностите на нухалната транслуценца и измерениот параметар: теме-тртица на фетусот. Со прееклампсија не е најдена асоцијација.Не е најдена статистички значајна разлика во оперативното завршување на породувањето помеѓу двете групи.Разлика е најдена во присуство на компликации во бременост со p=0,023,а поединечно со предвремено породување кое во повеќе од половината е јатрогено,т.е. завршено предвремено поради состојба на плод и/или мајка како и за плодови со мала тежина за гестациска возраст. Дискусија Неповолниот перинатален исход кој вклучува предвремени породувања,мали за гестациска возраст, новородените и хипертензивните пореметувања во бременост се главни клинички ентитети кои го одредуваат перинаталниот морбидитет и морталитет.Горенаведените ентитети се компликации кои се јавуваат во третиот триместар во најголем дел, а водат потекло од несоодветно формирање на постелката во првиот триместар. Заклучок Резултатите од студијата укажуваат на потребата за вклучување и други дополнителни биохемиски, ултразвучни иследувања и биофизички мерења со цел да се зголеми предиктивноста на PAPP-A во предвидување на перинаталниот исход,со цел намалување на перинаталниот морбидитет и морталитет.Раната предикција на потенцијалната плацентарна инсуфициенција пред да настане плацентарната дисфункција, овозможува воведување превентивно мерење или третман со кој би се подобрил исходот од бременоста.
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    Pregnancy with fetal brain tumor
    (Македонско лекарско друштво = Macedonian medical association, 2024-04-25)
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    Josheva, Jasminka
    Fetal intracranial tumors are exceptionally rare, occurring at an overall incidence of 0.34 per one thousand live births. As per the 2016 classification of central nervous system tumors, primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are categorized as highly malignant embryonal tumors in WHO Group IV. This case involves a 29-year-old in her third pregnancy, with two previous uneventful term deliveries. At 27+3 gestational weeks, she sought care at the University clinic due to fetal hydrocephalus. An ultrasound at 28 gestational weeks revealed a heterogenous, tumor-like mass measuring 70x66mm in the right brain hemisphere. The fetal head exhibited a whole dilated right ventricle (26mm posterior horn dimension) with a leftward shift of the cerebral falx. Subsequent fetal MRI demonstrated a partly solid, partly cystic tumor with a heterogenous appearance in T2 pulse sequence, extending in a frontoparietal direction. The differential diagnosis included glioblastoma. Following comprehensive scans, the parents were informed of the potential outcomes. The newborn, unfortunately, did not survive, weighing 1700g and measuring 42 centimeters. Pathological evaluation identified a primitive neuroectodermal tumor in the right parietal lobe, accompanied by internal hydrocephalus and cerebral encephalomalacia. Microscopic examination showcased Homer-Wright rosette formations, consisting of moderately differentiated round to oval cells with eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei surrounding a central core of neurofibrillary material. Immune histochemical staining confirmed the tumor's profile, including Vimentin(+), S100(+), GFAP(+), Actin(-/+), Desmin(-), CD99(-), EMA(-), CKWS(-), Chromogranin(-), NSE(+), WT1(+), and Synaptophysin positivity in single cells with dendrites. The proliferative index stood at 2-3%. In summary, this rare case emphasizes the challenges of antenatal PNET diagnosis, with only 18% identified before or at delivery among tumors presenting in the first year of life.
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    PREGNANCY WITH POLYCYTHEMIA VERA - AN OBSTETRIC CHALLENGE
    (DEPARTMENT OF ANAESTHESIA AND REANIMATION, FACULTY OF MEDICINE, “SS. CYRIL AND METHODIUS” UNIVERSITY, SKOPJE, MACEDONIA, 2022)
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    Polycythemia vera (PV) is a rare chronic myeloproliferative disorder of the haematopoietic stem cell type characterized by increased erythrocyte production. The disease is associated to a high risk of clinical complications - arterial and venous thrombosis, especially in pregnancy, bleeding, possible evolution to myelofibrosis and acute myeloid leukemia. We present the case of a 28-years-old patient, whose diagnosis was made 2 years before pregnancy (positive for mutation JAK2 V617F, bcr-abl negative, MPL, CALR negative). She was regularly monitored at the Hematology Clinic, had therapeutic venipunctures performed and anticoagulant therapy was prescribed. Pregnancy was regularly followed, with proper fetal growth and development, regular screening for fetal abnormalities, under anticoagulant therapy and under the supervision of a hematologist. At 34 weeks gestation, due to bleeding and pain, she was hospitalized in the Peripartal Intensive Care Department suspected of placental abruption. A caesarean section was performed immediately, a premature fetus was delivered in relatively good condition, and during the operation abruption of 1/3 of the placenta was found. The operative and postoperative periods were stable, the patient received replacement therapy and was discharged from the hospital on the 5th postoperative day in good general condition. The newborn was stabilized and discharged in good general condition after 3 weeks of stay at the Neonatal Intensive Care Department. Conclusion: Pregnancy in patients with this disease carries serious risks to the life and health of both mother and fetus, which requires special attention during pregnancy in order to reduce antenatal and postnatal morbidity.
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    Multidisciplinary approach to management of hypofibrinogenemia in pregnancy: a case report
    (Društvo doktora medicine Republike Srpske, Banja Luka i Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci - Medicinski fakultet, Banja Luka, 2020-06-30)
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    Elizabeta Todorovska
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    Tatjana Makarovska Bojadjieva
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    Saso Stojcevski
    Inherited fibrinogen disorders introduce risk for recurrent abortions, sub-chorionic haematoma, placental abruption and postpartum haemorrhage. This is a case report of a successful pregnancy outcome in a 37-year old woman with hypofibrinogenaemia. She was referred to a coagulation test in the first trimester because of history of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome in previous pregnancy. Hypofibrinogenaemia was diagnosed with fibrinogen level of 0.7 g/L. During the pregnancy she was regularly monitored for fibrinogen levels and multiple cryoprecipitate concentrates were given. She delivered at 39th gestation week, with elective caesarean section under general anaesthesia. There was one episode of postpartum haemorrhage treated with 2 units of red blood cells, repeated infusions of cryoprecipitate to obtain the level of fibrinogen of 2 g/L. She was discharged on the 6th postpartum day in a good condition. In these disorders levels of fibrinogen should be higher than 1 g/L during pregnancy or 2 g/L in case of caesarean section for successful prenatal and peripartal management.
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    CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN EARLY PREGNANCY LOSSES: A STUDY OF 900 SAMPLES
    (Sciendo, 2024-03-12)
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    Terzikj M
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    Kubelka-Sabit K
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    Jasar Dz
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    Lazarevski S
    Chromosomal abnormalities are the most common causes of early pregnancy losses (EPLs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence and spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities in EPLs and correlate them with different clinical characteristics. We performed Quantitative Fluorescent PCR (QF-PCR), followed by subtelomeric Multiplex Ligation Probe Amplification (MLPA) analysis to detect chromosomal abnormalities in 900 products of conceptions (POCs) from EPLs collected over a period of 10 years. Chromosomal abnormalities were present in 56.25% of uncontaminated EPLs, with significantly higher incidence in women ≥36 years (71.37%, p<0.0001) in comparison to women ≤30 years of age (43.40%). Trisomies were also more common in women ≥36 years (79.68%, p<0.0001) than in those ≤30 years of age (48.70%). In contrast, triploidy and monosomies were more prevalent in women ≤30 years of age (26.09%, p<0.0001 and 16.52%, p=0.0066 respectively) than in women ≥36 years of age (6.42% and 6.42% respectively). Trisomy 16 was more common in women ≤30 (39.29%, p=0.0009) than in those ≥36 years of age (16.78%), while trisomy 22 was predominant among women ≥36 (23.49%, p=0.013), and was not present in the group of women ≤30 years of age. The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in POCs from women with sporadic (61.19%) was higher than in those with recurrent EPLs (55.21%). This difference, however, was not statistically significant (p=0.164). Although some differences in the chromosomal aneuploidy rates among women with different ABO blood groups, as well as among 6-8 and 9-11 gestational week EPLs were observed, further larger studies are required to confirm these findings. In conclusion, our study enriches the knowledge about chromosomal abnormalities as a cause of EPLs and confirms the higher incidence of foetal chromosomal abnormalities in EPLs in women of older reproductive age. Furthermore, it shows that using QF-PCR and MLPA methodologies, a high detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities in EPLs can be reached.