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    Polyphenols and Minor Constituents in Honey from North Macedonia and Bulgaria
    (Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of BAS (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), 2022-03-02)
    Bogojovska, Martina
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    Bankova, Vassya
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    Popova, Milena
    Honey is a highly concentrated sugar solution that is a rich source of many bioactive compounds including numerous minor constituents. Among them, polyphenols such as flavonoids and phenolic acids are the most important classes of pharmacologically active compounds. Together with other minor constituents they are also considered potential chemical markers for the botanical and geographical origin of honey as well as for its authenticity. A solid-phase extraction procedure and HPLC/DAD/MSn method has been applied for identification and quantification of minor constituents in honey from the region of Bulgaria, North Macedonia, and Greece. Solid-phase extraction using Amberlite XAD-2 as an adsorbent was used for sample preparation enabling purification and concentration of the analysed compounds, mainly polyphenols. In total, 16 compounds were identified in the 21 extracts, 3 of them hydroxycinammic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acid), 5 flavonoids (naringenin, chrysin, galangin, pinocembrin and pinobanksin methyl ether) as well as gluconic acid, quinic acid, ascorbic acid, phenyllactic acid, kynurenic acid and abscisic acid in its two isomeric forms. Quantification of the identified polyphenols was made by an external calibration. The results showed that the developed method presented here is suitable for obtaining qualitative and quantitative data for polyphenols of honey.
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    State of antioxidant systems and phenolic compounds’ production in Hypericum perforatum L. hairy roots
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2019-07-09)
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    Spasenoski, Mirko
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    Gadzovska Simic, Sonja
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    In Vitro and in Silico Insights on the Biological Activities, Phenolic Compounds Composition of Hypericum perforatum L. Hairy Root Cultures
    (Computers, Materials and Continua (Tech Science Press), 2023)
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    Gadzovska Simic, Sonja
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    NMR Profiling of North Macedonian and Bulgarian Honeys for Detection of Botanical and Geographical Origin
    (MDPI AG, 2020-10-14)
    Gerginova, Dessislava
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    Simova, Svetlana
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    Popova, Milena
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    <jats:p>Bulgaria and North Macedonia have a long history of the production and use of honey; however, there is an obvious lack of systematic and in-depth research on honey from both countries. The oak honeydew honey is of particular interest, as it is highly valued by consumers because of its health benefits. The aim of this study was to characterize honeydew and floral honeys from Bulgaria and North Macedonia based on their NMR profiles. The 1D and 2D 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were measured of 16 North Macedonian and 22 Bulgarian honey samples. A total of 25 individual substances were identified, including quinovose, which was found for the first time in honey. Chemometric methods (PCA—principal component analysis, PLS-DA—partial least squares discriminant analysis, ANOVA—analysis of variance) were used to detect similarities and differences between samples, as well as to determine their botanical and geographical origin. Semiquantitative data on individual sugars and some other constituents were obtained, which allowed for the reliable classification of honey samples by botanical and geographical origin, based on chemometric approaches. The results enabled us to distinguish oak honeydew honey from other honey types, and to determine the country of origin. NMR was a rapid and convenient method, avoiding the need for other more time-consuming analytical techniques.</jats:p>
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    Extraction, Distribution and Diversity of Phenolic Compounds in Most Widespread <i>Boraginaceae</i> Species from Macedonia
    (Wiley, 2023-04-25)
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    A systematic study of extraction efficiency of polyphenolic compounds from the most widespread Boraginaceae species was carried out. The optimal extraction was achieved with 50% (V/V) methanol for phenolic acids and flavonoids, 0.2 % (V/V) HCl in 50 % (V/V) methanol for anthocyanins and pure water for flavan-3-ols. The distribution and diversity of polyphenolic compounds in plant material obtained from wild-growing Anchusa officinalis, Cynoglossum creticum Mill., Echium vulgare, Echium italicum, and Onosma heterophylla Griseb. species from Macedonia was also assessed. These widespread Boraginaceae species contain phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins and in total 31 of them were identified, from which 22 were first identified in the representative species, and 6,8-di-C-glucosides of apigenin and luteolin were identified for the first time in Boraginaceae. The profiles of polyphenolic compounds for each sample were obtained and their phytochemical profile established. The potential for further bioactivity studies of Anchusa officinalis and Cynoglossum creticum containing up to 24577.05 μg/g and 14304.15 μg/g of total polyphenols were assumed to be highest, followed by Echium vulgare (from 6382.61 to 14114.33 μg/g), Onosma heterophylla (9463.97 μg/g) and Echium (4108.14 μg/g).
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    Determination of phenolic compounds in methanolic extracts of flowering stems and rosette leaves of Sideritis raeseri
    (Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association, 2022)
    Qazimi, Bujar
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    Dragusha, Shpend
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    Ejupi, Valon
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    Comparison between Bulgarian and Macedonian propolis: chemical composition and plant origin
    (Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association, 2020)
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    Trusheva, Boryana
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    Popova, Milena
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    Antonova, Daniela
    Propolis is used as a constituent in over-the-counter preparations, food additives, cosmetics, etc. Bulgarian and Macedonian propolis samples were analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of ethanol extracts after silylation, in order to determine the presence of bioactive substances with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and their chemical profiles were compared. Bulgarian and Macedonian propolis demonstrate very similar chemical profiles and belong to the Poplar type propolis, which has well-characterized qualitative composition and high content of bioactive substances. These results allow the standardization of Macedonian propolis to be approached on the basis of the recommendations by the International Honey Commission for poplar propolis. Keywords: Bulgarian propolis, Macedonian propolis, GC-MS, chemical profiling</jats:p>