Faculty of Economics
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Item type:Publication, Life Expectancy and Income Inequality in North Macedonia: An Empirical Analysis(Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2025-12); ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, How Do Firms Respond to Minimum Wage Increases in Macedonia?(Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2025-12); - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Market Competition in Public Procurement of North Macedonia (2021–2025): Economic Analysis of Bidders per Tender(Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2025-12)Mitevski, ViktorThis paper examines market competition in North Macedonian public procurement using a novel dataset of all public contracts from 2021–2025. We focus on the number of offers (bids) per tender as a key indicator of competition, following models inspired by Fazekas and Kocsis (2017). The analysis explores how institutional factors, particularly the use of electronic procurement tools and the choice of procedure type, influence bidder participation. We find that the average tender in North Macedonia attracts only 2–3 bids, and over one-third of procedures have a single bidder, raising market competition concerns. Using regression analysis with the number of offers as the dependent variable, we show that fully open procedures and e-procurement usage are associated with modestly higher competition, whereas negotiated or restricted procedures reduce the number of bidders. The paper provides descriptive insights (e.g., variation by contracting institution type and by goods/services/works procurement) and discusses implications for public expenditure effectiveness. Our results underscore the importance of transparent, open, and digitalized tendering processes in increasing competition and improving the efficiency of public spending. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Quantifying FDI’s Effects on GDP and Unemployment: Evidence from North Macedonia(Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2025-12); ; This paper examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth and unemployment in North Macedonia over the period 2014–2023. North Macedonia, a small post-transition economy with historically high unemployment, has actively pursued FDI as a development strategy. Using annual data and econometric analysis (stationarity tests, Pearson correlations, and OLS regressions in SPSS), we test four hypotheses about FDI’s relationship with GDP growth and unemployment. The results indicate a strong positive association between FDI inflows and real GDP growth and a significant negative association between FDI and the unemployment rate. In particular, higher FDI is correlated with faster GDP growth and lower unemployment, supporting the view that FDI can be a catalyst for economic development. Regression analysis further suggests that FDI has a statistically significant positive effect on GDP growth and a negative effect on unemployment, even when accounting for the growth-employment link. These findings confirm the optimistic hypothesis that FDI inflows drive macroeconomic improvements in North Macedonia. However, complementary factors (institutional quality, human capital) are crucial for maximizing FDI benefits. The paper concludes with policy implications, emphasizing the need to attract quality FDI and strengthen domestic absorptive capacities to ensure sustainable growth and job creation. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Brain Drain in North Macedonia: Key Factors and Effective Measures for Human Capital Retention among Employees(2024-12); ; Ristovska, AndrijanaThis paper aims to examine the push factors influencing the intention of employees in North Macedonia to emigrate and identify potential measures to reduce the "brain drain" or “human capital flight” phenomenon. The subject of the study focuses on the attitudes of employees regarding their intention to leave the country, considering variables such as salary growth, promotion opportunities, trust in state institutions, the availability of alternative employment within the country, and employment practices in the country. The research employs a survey methodology, involving 120 respondents from various demographic backgrounds to capture diverse perspectives on the push factors driving emigration. A methodical statistical procedure was applied using simple linear regression to determine the impact of each economic factor on employees' intentions to leave. Additionally, multiple linear regression was utilized to see how various push factors together influence the employees' intention to leave the country. The results reveal that 62% of respondents are inclined to leave the country, particularly younger employees aged 31-40 with higher education levels. The primary factor influencing this intention is the lack of alternative employment opportunities in North Macedonia. These findings underscore the need for targeted policies and measures to retain human capital and prevent further economic and demographic decline. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Tobacco Sector Analysis in North Macedonia: Subsidies, Production, and Policy Perspectives(2024-12)Tamara Mijovic Spasova and Bojana Mijovic HristovskaThis comprehensive empirical research examines the landscape of tobacco production in North Macedonia, placing a specific focus on the historical development and economic significance of the tobacco sector within the national and regional agricultural framework. It provides an in-depth analysis of tobacco leaf production, including a comparison with other regional tobacco producers, to contextualize North Macedonia's position in the broader tobacco industry. The study also investigates the dynamics of agricultural imports and exports, with a particular emphasis on raw tobacco, delving into the complex interplay between domestic production and international trade. Central to this empirical research is a critical evaluation of the financial support mechanisms in agriculture, particularly the extensive subsidies directed towards tobacco cultivation. These subsidies are analyzed in terms of their economic rationale and effectiveness, questioning whether the prioritization of tobacco over other crops is justified given the current economic climate and market demands. The empirical research further explores the implications of these subsidy policies in light of North Macedonia's aspirations to align with the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, which presents unique challenges and opportunities for reforming agricultural support systems. By integrating quantitative data with qualitative policy analysis, the empirical research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the economic impacts and sustainability of tobacco subsidies. It assesses whether these subsidies are an economically prudent allocation of national resources, especially considering the potential for aligning with EU standards and the necessity to foster a more diversified and sustainable agricultural sector. The findings are intended to inform policymakers and stakeholders, offering strategic insights and recommendations for future agricultural policy development in North Macedonia. Using a descriptive statistical approach, the study evaluates data on tobacco production, subsidy distribution, and trade dynamics. The findings reveal potential misalignments in subsidy allocations and recommend policy adjustments to foster a diversified agricultural sector in alignment with EU standards. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Demand for Tobacco Products in North Macedonia(2024-12)Bojana Mijovic Hristovska and Tamara Mijovic SpasovaTobacco use in North Macedonia represents a critical public health issue, with one of the highest global smoking prevalence rates at 48.4%. A significant portion of smokers (51.3%) begin smoking between 18 and 24 years, and 44.4% consume over 20 cigarettes daily. Smoking contributes substantially to mortality, with 170.17 deaths per 100,000 people attributed to smoking in 2019. North Macedonia's low cigarette prices and minimal illicit tobacco trade create significant potential for effective tobacco tax policy improvements. Smoking, a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, underscores the need for comprehensive tobacco control measures to reduce premature mortality and enhance mental health. This study examines tobacco demand in North Macedonia, analyzing consumption patterns, trends, and product types. It underscores the importance of understanding the socio-economic, cultural, and policy dimensions driving tobacco use. The methodology involves a multi-resource desk research approach, drawing on academic literature, government reports, and data from international organizations to provide a comprehensive overview of tobacco demand. Key findings reveal a high smoking prevalence with a slight decline over recent years. Economic factors, especially cigarette prices, significantly influence smoking rates. While the average number of cigarettes smoked per day remains high, there is evidence of reduced smoking prevalence among youth, attributed to increased health awareness and preventive measures. Despite legal restrictions, smoking remains socially accepted, complicating public health efforts. The paper highlights the urgent need for enhanced tobacco control policies, including increased taxes, stricter smoking bans, and targeted interventions to reduce smoking rates, particularly among vulnerable populations. These measures, combined with continuous monitoring and research, are crucial for achieving significant public health improvements and aligning with Sustainable Development Goals. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Gen Z Perceptions on Government Gamification Initiatives to Reduce Shadow Economy in North Macedonia(2024-12); ; ; ; This study examines the role of the MojDDV app, a gamification initiative designed to increase fiscal transparency and curb the shadow economy in North Macedonia, by engaging citizens in reporting their purchases through receipt scanning. Leveraging the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model, this research investigates how the constructs of Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, and Facilitating Conditions impact Generation Z's intention to use MojDDV. The UTAUT model is implemented to understand factors that drive or hinder app adoption, ultimately aiming to identify how gamification can incentivize responsible fiscal behaviour and transparency. Data was collected via a structured questionnaire, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between these constructs and intention to use. The findings reveal that Facilitating Conditions and Social Influence are significant predictors of intention to use, underscoring the importance of resource accessibility and social encouragement in fostering app engagement. While both Performance Expectancy and Effort Expectancy are positively associated with intention to use, their effects are not statistically significant. This suggests that providing practical support and leveraging social networks may be more impactful for adoption than user expectations of ease and performance. These insights recommend that policymakers focus on enhancing facilitating conditions and social influence mechanisms to boost the effectiveness of gamification initiatives like MojDDV. Future studies could examine additional factors that affect app engagement and employ longitudinal methods to assess changes in user behaviour over time. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how gamification strategies can support fiscal transparency efforts, offering valuable guidance for developing public sector innovations aimed at reducing the shadow economy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ADAPTING THE AUDIT PROFESSION TO THE 'NEW NORMAL' IN POST-COVID PERIOD - A CASE STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA(Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2023-12-12); ; ; ; Throughout history, disease outbreaks have greatly impacted societies and workplaces, leading to the need for adaptability in various jobs. The accounting and auditing sector, which is crucial for giving reliable information during crises, has faced its own set of challenges during these difficult times. This study looks into how the Covid-19 pandemic affected auditors in the Republic of North Macedonia as they adjusted to the "new normal." We examine how they adapted to working remotely, created virtual strategies, overcame obstacles, and how all this affected their mental health. Our research shows that auditors went through major changes in their work roles during the pandemic. They showed resilience and flexibility, although their experiences varied. They faced increased expectations from stakeholders, changes in their client lists, and had to learn new skills. Despite these challenges, auditors managed to succeed, showing their ability to adapt to change. The experiences of auditors during the pandemic demonstrate their ability to handle disruptions and find new opportunities. These findings are important for those in the auditing field, organizations, and those who make decisions about policies, as they provide insights into how the auditing world is changing in the "new normal." However, this study has some limitations, mainly because it is based on what auditors said about their own experiences, it only looks at one point in time, there might be a bias in who was chosen for the study, and there are limits to the survey used. Future research could look at how auditors' experiences change over time, compare different regions, consider what clients think, study the impact of new technology, look at changes in rules, and compare how auditors are doing with other professionals facing similar issues. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Income Mobility and Mixing in North Macedonia(Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2023-12-15); ; This study presents the inaugural analysis of income mobility in North Macedonia from 1995-2021 using the Mixing Time and Mean First Passage Time (MFPT) metrics. We document larger mobility (in terms of Mixing Time) during the '90s, with and decreasing trend (in terms of mobility) until 1999. After this year the Mixing time has been consistent with a value of around 4 years. Using the MFPT, we highlight the evolving challenges individuals face when aspiring to higher income tiers. Namely, we show that there was a noticeable upward trend in MFPT from 1995 to 2006, a subsequent decline until 2017, and then an ascent again, peaking in 2021. These findings provide a foundational perspective on the income mobility in North Macedonia.