Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food

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    From clay to crops: improving water productivity in rosemary and lavender under sandy soil conditions in South Africa
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2026-07-29)
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    Stander, Hendrik Barend
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    Wolfaardt, Gideon M.
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    Goli, Imaneh
    Background Increasing irrigation water productivity is a key strategy for achieving sustainable agricultural production. This study evaluated the performance of self-regulating low-energy clay-based irrigation (SLECI) as a sustainable alternative to surface and subsurface drip irrigation under water-scarce sandy field conditions, with a particular focus on quantifying the trade-off between irrigation water productivity and fresh biomass yield. SLECI system is a subsurface irrigation technology that uses microporous clay emitters buried within the crop root zone. Water is released passively in response to soil moisture deficits, as water flows through the clay pores only when soil suction exceeds the retention force of the emitter. This self-regulating mechanism delivers water directly to plant roots without the need for pumps, sensors, or external control systems. Methods The experiment was conducted on newly established, 1-year plantings of rosemary ( Salvia rosmarinus , Tuscan Blue variety) and lavender ( Lavandula stoechas , Hollandia variety) grown under open-field conditions at the Welgevallen Experimental Farm, Stellenbosch, South Africa (33°56′33″ S, 18°51′52″ E), from November 2023 to February 2024, during the hot-dry summer season. Results The highest fresh marketable yield of rosemary was obtained under subsurface drip irrigation (906 kg/ha), while lavender achieved its highest yield under conventional surface drip irrigation (3,625 kg/ha). Although yields under SLECI were lower, this system used substantially less irrigation water (533.2 m 3 /ha) over the 3-month period, compared with surface drip (6,800 m 3 /ha) and subsurface drip irrigation (3,060 m 3 /ha). Irrigation water productivity (IWP) demonstrated the water-saving efficiency of SLECI, producing 0.529 kg of fresh marketable rosemary per m 3 of applied water, nearly 4.5 times higher than surface drip irrigation. Similarly, SLECI achieved an IWP of 1.467 kg/m 3 for lavender, representing a more than 2.7-fold increase compared to surface drip irrigation (0.115 kg/m 3 ). Irrigation technique significantly affected fresh marketable yield. Subsurface drip irrigation and SLECI increased rosemary plant diameter relative to surface drip, whereas subsurface and surface drip irrigation promoted larger lavender plant diameters. Conclusion This study contributes to understanding how clay-based irrigation systems perform under severe sandy soil conditions and provides practical insights into the trade-off between water saving and crop productivity in semi-arid environments.
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    ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a rapid complementary tool for qualitative assessment of mineral fertilizers
    (2026-09-15)
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    Mitkova, Tatjana
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    Lončarić, Zdenko
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    Petek, Marko
    Complementary analytical methods are crucial for the qualitative assessment of mineral fertilizers commonly applied in agriculture. In this study, both reference substances and fertilizer samples were analyzed using the ATR-FTIR technique. Pure compounds such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and calcium sulfate heptahydrate were first recorded as standards to establish a reference spectral library. Fertilizer samples were ground to a fine powder (<1 mm) and placed on the diamond crystal surface for spectral measurement. The obtained absorption spectra enabled identification of the main components present in the fertilizers and provided a clear comparison with the standard spectra. Although the method allows only qualitative determination of compounds, comparison with the recorded standards provides valuable insights into the composition of the investigated samples. This approach is particularly useful when rapid screening of fertilizers is required without the need for time-consuming wet chemistry analyses. The results demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can serve as a reliable complementary method for routine fertilizer testing, ensuring both quality control and detection of possible adulteration or impurities. Furthermore, when combined with conventional laboratory techniques such as titrimetry, AAS, or ICP-OES, the method contributes to a more comprehensive and accurate characterization of fertilizer composition, ultimately supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
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    Dose-Dependent Effects of Foliar Nano NPK and Zinc on Yield, Antioxidant Capacity, and Metabolic Profile of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
    (MDPI AG, 2026-04-03)
    S. T. Stojanova, Marina
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    Stojanova, Monika
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    Demiri, Sani
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    A. Djukic, Dragutin
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    Kaya, Yalcin
    Foliar nanofertilization is increasingly being explored as a strategy to enhance crop nutritional quality; however, dose-dependent physiological and metabolic responses remain insufficiently defined. This study evaluated the effects of conventional NPK (20:20:20) and nano-formulated NPK combined with zinc (3 and 5 g/L) on the mineral composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and metabolic profile of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. ‘Dora’) grown under controlled conditions. Physicochemical characterization of the nanofertilizer by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy confirmed nanoscale primary particle size and revealed concentration-dependent aggregation behavior at higher Zn levels. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among treatments in macro- and microelement content, total phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity. The application of nano NPK combined with 3 g/L Zn resulted in the highest accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C, accompanied by enhanced antioxidant capacity, suggesting stimulation of secondary metabolism. In contrast, the higher Zn concentration (5 g/L) further increased carotenoid content but was associated with elevated proline levels, indicating the onset of physiological stress. Multivariate analyses (PCA and ROC) supported dose-dependent metabolic modulation and confirmed that combinations of selected metabolites contributed to clearer differentiation between fertilization regimes. Overall, the results highlight the existence of an optimal nano-zinc application range that enhances fruit functional quality while avoiding stress-related metabolic imbalance, emphasizing the importance of physicochemical stability in nano-enabled fertilization strategies. While this study focused on a single sweet pepper cultivar, future research should explore other pepper species to evaluate whether similar dose-dependent nano Zn effects are observed.
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    Aflatoxin in feedstuffs and raw milk in Republic of North Macedonia, occurrence and assessment
    (Digital ProScholar Media, 2021-12-30)
    SANTA, DUSHICA
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    SRBINOVSKA, SONJA
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    GJORGJIEVSKI, SREKJKO
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    GRUEVSKA, VIKTORIJA
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    ARSOVSKA, FROSINA
    <jats:p>The main objective of this research is to estimate the situation of occurance of aflatoxins in feedstuffs and aflatoxin M1 raw cow`s milk in Republic of North Macedonia. Detected average concentrations of total aflatoxins in the examined period 2014-2017 were below legal prescribed level. Within the official monitoring programme in the country, 1718 samples of raw cow's milk have been analyzed during 2017 and 2018. Comparison of the data showed that the number of examined samples with values for aflatoxin M1 above the allowed limits, according to the regulation is in 2018 (10 samples) and 2017 (5 samples). Additionally, the calculation of exposure assessment of the human population in North Macedonia demonstrated that the exposure to AFM1 of the adult population in N. Macedonia for 2017 is 0.0563 ng/kg bw/daily, and for 2018 is 0.0824 ng/kg bw/daily. The calculated hazard index (HI) In both years, was lower than one, which means that there are no significant health risks for the consumers. It is important to have continuously low levels of aflatoxins in animal feed and nutrition, especially that the climate changes create more favorable conditions for the development of moulds of Aspergillus.</jats:p>
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    X-ray Powder Diffraction and Supervised Self-Ogranizing Maps as Tools for Forensic Classification of Soils
    (Acta Chimica Slovenica, 2023-12-01)
    Hirijete Idrizi
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    Mile Markoski
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    Metodija Najdoski
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    Igor Kuzmanovski
    Due to its transferability, the soil has been commonly used as evidence in criminal investigations. In this work, 172 soil samples were taken from five urban parks from the town of Tetovo (North Macedonia) and from additional four rural locations in its vicinity. The soil samples were examined using X-ray powder diffraction. The collected diffractograms were used for development of classification models based on supervised self-organizing maps for determination of their origin. The examination of generalization performances of the developed models showed that they were able to correctly classify between 95.6 and 97.8% of the samples from the independent test set. The influence of the weather and the seasonal changes on the composition of the soil was also examined. For this purpose, three years after the initial soil samples were collected, additional 28 samples were analyzed from different locations. The best models presented in this work were able to successfully classify 27 of these additional samples.
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    Possible Replacement of Wheat Post Herbicides with Soil Herbicide Pendimethalin
    (University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, CROATIA, 2022-01-23)
    Arben MEHMETI Jeton RAMADANI Zvonko PACANOSKI Rozafa FETAHAJ Elez KRASNIQI
    The experiment was conducted between 2016-17 to evaluate the efficacy of PRE emergence and POST herbicides for effective weed control in wheat crops and analyse if pendimethalin may replace usually spring post-applied herbicides. The applied PRE emergence herbicide was pendimethalin and POST herbicides were prosulfuron, amidosulfuron + iodosulfuronmethyl- natrium + mefenpyr-diethyl, pyroxsulam, amidosulfuron + iodosulfuron-methylnatrium + mefenpyr-diethyl + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. The weed population consisted mainly of annual and some perennial weeds. Weediness comprised 31 plants m-2 in the control plots and 1.3-9.0 plants m-2 in the plots treated with herbicides. The highest numbers of individuals were recorded for Persicaria maculosa (8.0 plants m-2), Chenopodium album (7.3 plants m-2), Apera spica-venti (7.0 plants m-2) and Convolvulus arvensis (3.0 plants m-2). Most POST herbicides effectively reduced dominant weeds with the highest efficacy in plots treated with herbicide amidosulfuron + iodosulfuron-metil-natrium + mefenpir-dietil (95.9%). Furthermore, the efficacy of PRE herbicide pendimethalin with two doses was lower compared to POST herbicides, besides amidosulfuron + iodosulfuron-metil-natrium + mefenpir-dietil + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. The treated plots with herbicides showed a statistically higher wheat yield compared to control plots. The PRE herbicide pendimethalin may replace POST herbicides, but this depends strongly on used dosage, climatic conditions and weeds that germinate in the spring. Wheat yields differed among PRE herbicide pendimethalin applications and POST herbicide, ranging between 5115 and 7003 kg ha-1.
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    Management Systems for Biannual Seed Crop of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Grown at Various Nitrogen Fertilization: I. First-Production Year Characterized by Limited Crop Lodging and High Seed Shattering before Direct Combine-Harvesting
    (MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2022-02-26)
    Zlatko Sveˇcnjak, Dario Jareš, Ana Milanovi´c-Litre, Zvonko Pacanoski , Darko Uher and Dubravka Dujmovi´c Purgar
    Little is known about the best management systems for seed production of Italian ryegrass. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of management systems on the firstyear seed crop grown under various nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha􀀀1). Management systems of single-purpose crops were with (SeedPGR-crop) and without (Seed-crop) plant growth regulator application. The dual-purpose crops incorporated early spring forage cut during stem elongation (EF-seed-crop) and late cut at the onset of heading (LF-seed-crop) followed by seed harvest. Compared to the single-purpose crops, the dual purpose-crops shattered much less seeds but still yielded less because their plants had lower number of visible nodes on stems, shorter ears, fewer spikelets per ear, fewer flowers per spikelet in various ear sections and lighter seeds. Despite similar lodging incidence, the SeedPGR-crop produced relatively small, but significantly larger seed yield than the Seed-crop because plants in the SeedPGR-crop had shorter stems with fewer vegetative tillers, and shattered seeds slightly less. Nitrogen fertilization consistently improved seed yields in all management systems regardless of associated increases in lodging and seed shedding. These yield increments were mainly associated with the increased number of early- and late-formed reproductive tillers, and partly due to improved number of florets per spikelet and slightly heavier seed in early formed reproductive ears. In spite of larger seed losses through shattering, the single-purpose crops largely out-yielded and had higher seed germination than the dual-purpose crops at all nitrogen fertilization rates, with maximized yields produced in the SeedPGR-crop.
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    EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT ADJUVANTS ON EFFICACY OF STELLAR (TOPREMAZONE PLUS DICAMBA) APPLIED AT REDUCED RATES IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
    (Estonian Academic Agricultural Society, 2022-05-07)
    Zvonko Pacanoski, Alirami Saliji, Arben Mehmeti
    Field experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 on two individual farms that grew maize for grain, in Tetovo and Skopje locality, to determine the effectiveness of different adjuvants on the efficacy of Stellar applied at reduced rates. Herbicide treatment selectivity and influence on grain yield were estimated, as well. Both sites were naturally infested with a high population of Polygonum lapathifolium L., Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Overall efficacy of herbicides in control of weeds 28 DAT was ranged of 77% (Stellar + White oil applied at 0.125 + 0.2 L ha–1) to 98% (Stellar + Trend applied at 0.75 + 1.0 L ha–1) in Tetovo locality, and 64% (Stellar + White oil applied at 0.125 + 0.2 L ha–1) to 99% (Stellar + DASH applied at 0.75 + 2.0 L ha–1) in Skopje locality, respectively. In both localities, the efficacy of the full rate of Stellar (90 and 80%, respectively) was on the level of Stellar + White oil applied at 0.25 + 0.2 L ha–1 (90 and 78%, respectively). Herbicide efficacy 56 DAT was similar to the previous period of estimation. Efficacy of herbicide and herbicide plus adjuvants treatments in control of prevailing weeds 28 and 56 DAT ranged from 22–100% in Tetovo locality and 30–100% in Skopje locality, respectively. No visual maize injured was determined by any herbicide treatments in both localities for both years. Maize grain yields for each treatment in both localities generally reflected overall weed control.
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    The impact of using combinations of N, S and B in oilseed rape - Brassica napus L. on quantitative properties of seed
    (ISAF, 2017-10)
    • Igor Iljovski, Romina Kabranova, Zoran Dimov, Vjekoslav Tanaskovikj, Ile Canev, Tatjana Prentovic
    As a result of the use of the following elements - nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) and boron (B) - quantitative properties of two genotypes of oilseed rape - Brassica napus L., Zorica (variety) and Rohan (hybrid) were determined. The main purpose of the study was determination of the production mode, set in both genotypes of oilseed rape versus managing various nutrients. An experiment was set in the Skopje region, on total experimental area of 650 m2. For this purpose, the following combinations of fertilizers were used: N1 with 110 kg/ha nitrogen, N2 with 150 kg/ha nitrogen, S1 with 30 kg/ha sulphur, S2 with 70 kg/ha sulphur, B1 with 1.0 kg/ha boron, and B2 with 2.0 kg/ha boron (at spring time, foliar application) versus standard variant: N:P:K in the ratio 10:20:30 (N 50 kg/ha, 90 kg/ha P2O5 and 180 kg/ha K2O) used in autumn. During the experiment the following parameters were monitored: height of plants (cm), number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, length of pod (cm), number of seeds in the silique, and seed yield (t/ha). From the combinations of nutrients and variations that have been set in terms of genotypes, the results of yield showed statistical significance at level of 0.05 from variants N2PK, N2PK+S2+B2 in variety Zorica and N1PK+S1+B1 in the hybrid Rohan.
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    Introduction of Mating Disruption Pheromones in apple orchards in Fyr of Macedonia
    (Integrated Protection of Fruit Crops IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 2017)
    Stanislava Lazarevska, Mile Postolovski, Zoran Dimov , Sterja Naceski, Vesna Krsteska3, Shpend Shahini , Ivan Postolovski
    During the 2014 and 2015 seasons, the control of codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple orchards in Prespa Region in Fyr of Macedonia was conducted with mating disruption pheromones. The apple is a dominant crop in this region and the codling moth pressure is constantly very high. Mating disruption technique in apple orchard was utilized for the first time with a single application of Isomate C TT dispensers per season. Population density of codling moth and fruit damage at harvest were kept at a low level. At the same time, population density of the pest and fruit damage in the conventionally treated orchards were higher and was serving as a reference. Based on our results, Isomate C TT dispensers may represent a promising alternative to traditional programs trying to control high initial infestation by codling moth and should be involved in the Integrated Pest Management practices on apple crops.