Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food

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Phosphorus and iron content in apples in different sales channels
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 2025-10-01)
Petek, Marko
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Matilda Povodnik
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Tomislav Karažija
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Šatvar Vrbančić Mihaela
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Phosphorus and iron are essential elements that are necessary for various functions of plants, but also for humans. The apple, Malus × domestica Borkh., is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, also in Croatia. Since the mentioned elements influence the growth and development of the plant and also have certain health effects on humans, the presence of these elements in apples on the Zagreb market should be investigated. After collecting and sampling the apples, the phosphorus content was determined by spectrophotometry and the iron content by atomic absorption spectrometry. Apples from retail chains statistically have the highest average phosphorus content in dry matter (0.14 % P DW), while apples from organic products stores statistically have the highest phosphorus content in fresh weight (27.29 mg P/100 g fresh weight). As for iron, the statistically highest average content in both dry matter and fresh matter was found in apples from retail chains (15.99 mg Fe/kg DM and 0.261 mg Fe/100 g fresh weight). These results could be the consequences of conventional agriculture.
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Open circuit potentials in biofilms: Biotransformation kinetics governs the dynamics under anaerobic conditions
(Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 2025-12-24)
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Hristovski, Kiril D.
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Burge, Scott R.
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Boscovic, Dragan
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This study proposes a generalized model describing the temporal changes in open-circuit poten-tials in microbial biofilm systems. Using an Nernstian equilibrium approach combined with a series of different kinetic models for each experimental stage, it examines nutrient oxidation by microbes under anaerobic conditions with a continuous supply. New functions are derived to fit the experimental data and to provide in-depth understanding of the complex bioelectrochemical transformations occurring during the oxidation of nutrients by a biofilm.
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FROM WASTE TO GROWTH: MUSHROOM RESIDUES IN HORTICULTURE
(Journal Agriculture and Forestry, 2025-12-15)
BOGEVSKA, Zvezda
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TODOROVA, Kristina
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MARKOSKI, Mile
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POPSIMONOVA, Gordana
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AGIC, Rukie
The rapid global expansion of mushroom cultivation has established it as an important agribusiness sector and a promising strategy for sustainable management of agricultural residues. Nevertheless, this growth has resulted in the annual accumulation of millions of tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), creating significant environmental and logistical challenges. On average, approximately five kilograms of SMS are generated for every kilogram of fresh mushrooms harvested. In North Macedonia, the mushroom industry similarly produces considerable quantities of SMS, which presents an opportunity for its reutilization as a growing substrate for horticultural crops. In this context, the present study investigated the physical and chemical properties of SMS derived from the fast-growing oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The results demonstrated that the substrate exhibits favorable physical characteristics, including low bulk density, homogeneous texture, and low electrical conductivity, making it suitable for incorporation into horticultural substrate mixes. Chemically, the substrate was found to be low in nitrogen and phosphorus but contained moderate to sufficient levels of potassium, while its exceptionally high organic matter content enhances its potential as a soil conditioner. Literature review indicates that mushroom residues are primarily employed as components of growing media in vegetable and ornamental crop production. Additionally, SMS can serve as a fertilizer, soil amendment, or mulch, providing multifunctional benefits in sustainable horticultural practices. Overall, oyster mushroom SMS represents a valuable resource for horticulture, combining desirable physical properties with nutrient supplementation potential and contributing to circular waste management strategies in the mushroom industry.
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Benefits and Support of Urban Horticulture, Its Relationship with the Environment, and Needs and Trends in Studies in Cities of Šibenik and Split (Croatia), Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Skopje (North Macedonia)
(MDPI AG, 2025-10-24)
Dorbić, Boris
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Kajtaz, Esved
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Bogevska, Zvezda
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Davitkovska, Margarita
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Mihanović, Damir
Urban horticulture as a segment of urban agriculture can take various forms: home gardens, allotment farming, community gardens, community-supported agriculture, vertical farming, etc. After the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia and neighboring countries, growing horticultural plants in urban and suburban areas became increasingly popular. The aim of the study was to investigate citizens’ attitudes towards the benefits and support of urban horticulture, its relationship to the environment, and needs and relevance in studies in the cities of Šibenik, Split, Mostar and Skopje. The research methods used for the purpose of this study were theoretical analysis method, survey and analytical descriptive and statistical method. The research was conducted online during the first half of 2024 on a sample of 506 respondents. The main goal of the paper was to examine the views of citizens on urban horticulture. With specific objectives, the views of citizens were examined on the benefits of urban horticulture, the relationship between urban horticulture and the environment, urban horticulture and plant protection, support for urban horticulture, and the needs and trends of urban horticulture. The results showed that citizens are mostly positive towards growing horticultural plants in urban and suburban areas without pollution. In urban horticulture, respondents prefer using ecological principles and products. Female respondents expressed more positive attitudes towards the fashionability and need for urban horticulture. Respondents from Skopje showed the most positive attitudes towards the benefits of urban horticulture and its relationship to the environment. Also, there is no statistically significant difference in attitudes towards urban horticulture with regard to the location of residence. The research contributes to the trend of development and promotion of urban horticulture with a special emphasis on the importance of environmental preservation. It also contributes to the development of an interdisciplinary method that connects natural and social sciences, and develops an empirical approach that can improve urban culture with the aim of preserving the environment.
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From waste to growth: Mushroom residues in horticulture
(Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Montenegro, 2025-11-15)
Bogevska, Z
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Todorova, K
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Markoski, M
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Popsimonova, G
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Agic, R
The rapid global expansion of mushroom cultivation has established it as an important agribusiness sector and a promising strategy for sustainable management of agricultural residues. Nevertheless, this growth has resulted in the annual accumulation of millions of tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), creating significant environmental and logistical challenges. On average, approximately five kilograms of SMS are generated for every kilogram of fresh mushrooms harvested. In North Macedonia, the mushroom industry similarly produces considerable quantities of SMS, which presents an opportunity for its reutilization as a growing substrate for horticultural crops. In this context, the present study investigated the physical and chemical properties of SMS derived from the fast-growing oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The results demonstrated that the substrate exhibits favorable physical characteristics, including low bulk density, homogeneous texture, and low electrical conductivity, making it suitable for incorporation into horticultural substrate mixes. Chemically, the substrate was found to be low in nitrogen and phosphorus but contained moderate to sufficient levels of potassium, while its exceptionally high organic matter content enhances its potential as a soil conditioner. Literature review indicates that mushroom residues are primarily employed as components of growing media in vegetable and ornamental crop production. Additionally, SMS can serve as a fertilizer, soil amendment, or mulch, providing multifunctional benefits in sustainable horticultural practices. Overall, oyster mushroom SMS represents a valuable resource for horticulture, combining desirable physical properties with nutrient supplementation potential and contributing to circular waste management strategies in the mushroom industry.
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Phosphorus and iron content in apples in different sales channels
(University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest - Faculty of Horticulture Address: 59 Mărăşti Blvd, District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania E-mail: journal@horticultura-bucuresti.ro, Webpage: www.horticultura-bucuresti.ro, 2025-12-15)
Marko Petek
;
Matilda Povodnik
;
Tomislav Karažija
;
Mihaela Šatvar Vrbančić
;
Mile Markoski
Phosphorus and iron are essential elements that are necessary for various functions of plants, but also for humans. The apple, Malus × domestica Borkh., is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, also in Croatia. Since the mentioned elements influence the growth and development of the plant and also have certain health effects on humans, the presence of these elements in apples on the Zagreb market should be investigated. After collecting and sampling the apples, the phosphorus content was determined by spectrophotometry and the iron content by atomic absorption spectrometry. Apples from retail chains statistically have the highest average phosphorus content in dry matter (0.14 % P DW), while apples from organic products stores statistically have the highest phosphorus content in fresh weight (27.29 mg P/100 g fresh weight). As for iron, the statistically highest average content in both dry matter and fresh matter was found in apples from retail chains (15.99 mg Fe/kg DM and 0.261 mg Fe/100 g fresh weight). These results could be the consequences of conventional agriculture.
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Standard methods for rearing and selection of <i>Apis mellifera</i> queens 2.0
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-03-19)
Büchler, Ralph
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Bernstein, Richard
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Bienefeld, Kaspar
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Costa, Cecilia
Here, we cover a wide range of methods currently in use and recommended in modern queen rearing, selection, and breeding. The recommendations are meant to serve as standards for scientific and practical beekeeping purposes. The basic conditions and different management techniques for queen rearing are described, including recommendations for suitable technical equipment. As the success of breeding programmes strongly depends on the selective mating of queens, a subsection is dedicated to the management and quality control of mating stations. Recommendations for the handling and quality control of queens complete the queen rearing section. The improvement of colony traits usually depends on a comparative testing of colonies. Standardised recommendations for the organisation of performance tests and the measurement of the most common selection characters are presented. Statistical methods and data preconditions for the estimation of breeding values that integrate pedigree and performance data from as many colonies as possible are described as the most efficient selection method for large populations. Alternative breeding programmes for small populations or certain scientific questions are briefly mentioned, including an overview of the young and fast developing field of molecular selection tools. Because the subject of queen rearing and selection is too large to be covered within this paper, ample references are given to facilitate comprehensive studies.
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Standard methods for rearing and selection of <i>Apis mellifera</i> queens 2.0
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-03-19)
Büchler, Ralph
;
;
Bernstein, Richard
;
Bienefeld, Kaspar
;
Costa, Cecilia
Here, we cover a wide range of methods currently in use and recommended in modern queen rearing, selection, and breeding. The recommendations are meant to serve as standards for scientific and practical beekeeping purposes. The basic conditions and different management techniques for queen rearing are described, including recommendations for suitable technical equipment. As the success of breeding programmes strongly depends on the selective mating of queens, a subsection is dedicated to the management and quality control of mating stations. Recommendations for the handling and quality control of queens complete the queen rearing section. The improvement of colony traits usually depends on a comparative testing of colonies. Standardised recommendations for the organisation of performance tests and the measurement of the most common selection characters are presented. Statistical methods and data preconditions for the estimation of breeding values that integrate pedigree and performance data from as many colonies as possible are described as the most efficient selection method for large populations. Alternative breeding programmes for small populations or certain scientific questions are briefly mentioned, including an overview of the young and fast-developing field of molecular selection tools. Because the subject of queen rearing and selection is too large to be covered within this paper, ample references are given to facilitate comprehensive studies.
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Queen ringing vs. queen caging for summer brood interruption
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-05-30)
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Chen, Chao
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Gabel, Martin
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Kovačić, Marin
In many temperate regions, increasing temperatures in the autumn and winter result in shorter or even non-existent brood breaks in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. This facilitates a year-round reproduction of Varroa destructor and corresponding pathogen pressure. To address this problem, introducing an artificial brood break during winter might be essential. On the other hand, queen caging in summer, as one of the most prominent brood interruption methods, has already been accepted as an effective way for Varroa control in honey bee colonies. In this study, we compared queen caging vs. queen ringing as a novel technique for inducing summer brood interruption.
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Economic aspects of honey bee queen breeding: insights from a European study
(Informa UK Limited, 2024-06-14)
Dimitrov, Lazo
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Costa, Cecilia
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Meixner, Marina D.
In 2017, the European Commission initiated the EurBeST study to explore the possibilities of using selective breeding of honey bees to increase Varroa resistance traits. One of the specific aims of the study was to assess the process of honey bee queen breeding through an economic analysis. The methodology for calculating the costs of queen production (queen rearing and mating), colony evaluation and expenses for estimating breeding values is based on the Cost of Production (CoP). Cost data were collected via tailor-made questionnaires and interviews performed in five European countries (France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Poland). The sample population consisted of 20 queen producers and 20 performance testers who participated in the study. The results showed that the average costs for queen production amounted to 22.58 per queen, ranging from 8.22 in Poland to 37.30 in France. The difference between the selling price and the production cost was on average 3.08 per queen, ranging from 15.86 in Germany to -12.30 in France. On average, the colony evaluation costs were 193.40 per colony. The average cost for breeding value estimation per queen was 8.09 . Thus, the average total cost per selected queen was 224 . The selective breeding of honey bees is an efficient way to increase productivity, reduce colony losses, improve bee health and enable profitable operations, but it is expensive, is usually promoted, practiced and implemented by scientists and researchers, and in most cases is financed by external sources.

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