Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food

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Antibacterial activities of rosemary essential oils and their components against pathogenic bacteria
(MedCrave Group, LLC, 2018-09-18)
Stojiljkovic, Jasmina
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There are many known essential oils, of which only 300 are commercially important for different types of industry. Antimicrobials are used in food for two main reasons: to control natural spoilage processes and to prevent/control growth of micro-organisms, including pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this review was to investigate antibacterial effects of rosemary essential oils (EOs) on some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil is very important for its medicinal uses and its powerful antibacterial, cytotoxic, anti-mutagenic, antioxidant, anti-phlogistic and chemopreventive properties. The antimicrobial and other biological activities of rosemary essential oil are directly correlated with the presence of bioactive volatile components. To this end, one possibility has been the use of rosemary essential oils (EOs) and the compounds found there in as alternative antimicrobial food preservatives. The future will see investigation of food applications of the naturally occurring antimicrobials, especially the effectiveness of rosemary EOs, individually and in combination with other parts of plant extract, other effective EOs and other food-processing techniques.
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The most important dilemmas regarding the welfare of farm animals
(National Library of Serbia, 2019)
Hristov, Slavca
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Stankovic, Branislav
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Ostojic-Andric, Dusica
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Maksimovic, Nevena
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In this review paper, contradictions in modern livestock production as dilemmas of farm animal welfare are considered. The main dilemma concerns the question of whether extensive production in small farms is generally better than intensive production in large farms. The next dilemma relates to an intensive selection of animals and its impact on the emergence of welfare problems. Another dilemma is related to the two main interconnected problems of pig welfare in individual farrowing pens: the piglet death by crushing and the sows’ movement restriction. Similarly, welfare dilemma is the paradox of parent flocks of broiler line breeding that could not be solved until the pressure for genetic advancement in production is required due to the economic efficiency. The next example of the dilemma is the widespread practice of tail docking in piglets in order to reduce the risk of tail biting. Although the tail docking is painful and may cause death, anaesthesia is usually not applied on farms. A similar example of the dilemma is debeaking in the laying hens and the occurrence of feather pecking in free rearing systems. It is important to notice the difference between the described dilemmas, where one premise opposes the other, which is essentially a conflict between the animal welfare goals and other values, such as economic, ethical and moral issues. Finally, there are also some dilemmas about the consumers’ willingness to pay a higher price of products that originate from welfare friendly rearing conditions.
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GROWTH OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN EGG-BASED PASTA
(INSTITUTE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SKOPJE, 2019-12)
Stojiljkovic, Jasmina
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Velkoska Nakova, Valentina
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The food safety is significant health and economic issue. Many foodborne microorganisms are causing alimentary infection and they are main reason for millions of disease outbreaks worldwide. Salmonella enterica subsp. entericа serovar Enteritidis is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria causing foodborne human disease. Salmonella spp. are alive to heat, pH value highest than 9.0 and lower than 4.5 have bactericidal effect and aw for their growth is lower than 0.93. The bacteria from genus Salmonella appears to be resistance to drying, slating and smocking and therefore they can be found in the wide types of food. The aim of the paper was to review the literature data for foodborne salmonellosis prevalence in human with attention to growth in egg-based pasta. Pasta is a useful food for people and has a significant place in the diet. They are cheap, easy for cooking, and wholesome, and can be stored for a long period compared with some other foods. The basic raw materials for production of pasta are flour and chicken's eggs. Since eggs are used for the production of pasta, due to insufficient thermal treatment of the mixture during the pasta drying phase, they can be a potential risk for the presence of bacteria implicating the high risk to consumer health. Inside the egg, the growth of Salmonella is facilitated by the temperature of storage. Eggs should be stored at a constant temperature that should not exceed 20oC. If Salmonella reaches the egg yolk, it can grow rapidly even at room temperature (25oC). The high incidence of salmonellosis can be preventing by using the fresh eggs and practicing GHP during food manufacturing. The conditions for fresh pasta drying have a great influence on the final product quality from the aspect of texture and consistency. The thermal treatment of fresh pasta at 102°C for 100 seconds and packing at modified atmosphere can prevent the microbiological hazards in the final product. In order to eliminate or reduce microbiological risks in pasta, it should be useful the knowledge of the antimicrobial ability of plants essential oils and possibilities for their application in the technology of pasta production.
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ENZIMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS IN RAW COW MILK
(INSTITUTE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SKOPJE, 2019-12)
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Velkoska Nakova, Valentina
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Stojiljkovic, Jasmina
Dairy cows’ experience a drastic change in metabolism after parturition that can lead to oxidative stress. Lipid auto-oxidation in milk is affected by a complex interplay of prooxidants and antioxidants. Several of these compounds are also important nutrients in the human diet and may have other physiological effects. Among the others, antioxidative enzymes superoxid dismutase (SOD) and glutathion peroxidase (GPX) have important role in milk antioxidative capacity. The two years prospective study was carried out to assess the changes occurring in the milk activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPX in two physiological periods: period from beginning of lactation until 21st day in lactation and period from 22nd to 42nd day in lactation. Totally, there were followed 211 cows allocated in groups regarding the season of calving. Determination of the enzyme activity was assayed on milk serum by using spectrofotometric methods. The average activity of SOD in period from beginning of lactation until 21st day in lactation was 91.67±7.927 mU/mg proteins, than decreasing to 90.89±8.526 mU/mg proteins in the second physiological period from 22nd to 42nd day in lactation. The average activity of GPx in period from beginning of lactation until 21st day in lactation was 231.90±12.133 mU/mg proteins, than increasing in the period from 22nd to 42nd day in lactation (236.16±13.175 mU/mg proteins). Physiological stages in early lactation when milk samples were taken didn’t have statistical significant influence on SOD and GPx activity in milk. The activity of SOD and GPx in milk statisticlly significant (p<0.001) differed between season years of calving. The highest statistical significant difference in the activity of SOD in milk was found in the summer and fall seasons in second year of survey compared with other seasons. Regarding the GPx activity in milk there was statistical significant differences between all seasons of years. The test day milk yield had statistical significant influence on GPx activity in milk but this factor didn’t have statistical significant influence on SOD activity. There was statistically significant positive correlation between the activity of GPx and SOD in the milk samples. The SOD/GPx ratio in milk has important role in the balance of reactive oxidative metabolites in milk.
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THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF Salmonella enteritidis
(Faculty of Agriculture of Goce Delcev University, 2019)
Stojiljkovic, Jasmina
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Plant essential oils have been reported to possess antimicrobial properties and therefore have potential usage as natural antimicrobials of food. The aim of the study was to examine the antimicrobial effect of sweet basil and thyme essential oils against growth and reproduction of Salmonella enteritidis reference test strain ATCC 13076 and food isolated Salmonella enteritidis - epidemic strain (group D) cultivated on plate. Therefore, the samples were prepared as a dip application from different concentrations of sweet basil and thyme essential oils (1; 2.5 and 5%) with initial concentration of bacteria from 109 CFU/mL and were cultivated on plate. The control samples were prepared as dip application of bacteria without added essential oils. All samples were exposed at 37°C and 46°C. The growth of Salmonella enteritidis reference test strain ATCC 13076 and Salmonella enteritidis - epidemic strain was observed only in the control samples without added sweet basil and thyme essential oils. There wasn’t any growth of Salmonella еnteritidis in the samples dipped in the 1; 2.5 and 5% sweet basil and thyme essential oils. The results from the ANOVA indicate that the utilized essential oils in combination with temperature regime was significantly (p <0.001) reduced the Log10 concentration (enumeration) of the booth strains of Salmonella enteritidis. These results support the possibility of using sweet basil and thyme essential oil as natural preservatives in food to contribute in the reduction of Salmonella enteritidis at acceptable levels in view to prevent the risk for consumers.
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Methodologies for Assessing Disease Tolerance in Pigs
(Frontiers Media SA, 2019-01-09)
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Hristov, Slavcha
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Stankovic, Branislav
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Pol, Françoise
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Dimitrov, Ivan
Features of intensive farming can seriously threaten pig homeostasis, well-being and productivity. Disease tolerance of an organism is the adaptive ability in preserving homeostasis and at the same time limiting the detrimental impact that infection can inflict on its health and performance without affecting pathogen burden per se. While disease resistance (DRs ) can be assessed measuring appropriately the pathogen burden within the host, the tolerance cannot be quantified easily. Indeed, it requires the assessment of the changes in performance as well as the changes in pathogen burden. In this paper, special attention is given to criteria required to standardize methodologies for assessing disease tolerance (DT) in respect of infectious diseases in pigs. The concept is applied to different areas of expertise and specific examples are given. The basic physiological mechanisms of DT are reviewed. Disease tolerance pathways, genetics of the tolerance-related traits, stress and disease tolerance, and role of metabolic stress in DT are described. In addition, methodologies based on monitoring of growth and reproductive performance, welfare, emotional affective states, sickness behavior for assessment of disease tolerance, and methodologies based on the relationship between environmental challenges and disease tolerance are considered. Automated Precision Livestock Farming technologies available for monitoring performance, health and welfare-related measures in pig farms, and their limitations regarding DT in pigs are also presented. Since defining standardized methodologies for assessing DT is a serious challenge for biologists, animal scientists and veterinarians, this work should contribute to improvement of health, welfare and production in pigs.
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MONITORING UDDER HEALTH AND MILK HYGIENE ON-FARM USING QUICK SCREENING METHODS
(Faculty of Agriculture of Goce Delcev University, 2018)
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In this paper the use of on-farm screening methods for monitoring udder health and milk quality are discussed. Special attention was given to the evaluation of the usefulness of California mastitis test (CMT) as quick field screening test for detection of udder quarters with an intra-mammary infections caused by major mastitis pathogens. Application of CMT in dairy herd health management in period of early lactation is illustrated through the two years cross sectional study that was carried out to screening the quarter milk samples with abnormal milk secretion (AMS) and using of microbiological culture for detection of inframammary infections (IMI). The quarter milk samples were obtained in two periods of early lactation: the period from calving until 21st day in lactation and period from 22nd to 42nd day in lactation. The quarter level prevalence of AMS and IMI in the first 21 days in lactation was 5.33% and 4.03%, and up to the 42 days in lactation the prevalence of AMS and IMI was 5.45% and 4.38%, respectively. The prevalence of AMS and IMI from udder quarters that show a positive reaction on CMT in the first 21 days in lactation was 56.96 and 55.42; and 55.42 and 44.58 in the period from 22nd to 42nd day in lactation, respectively. The results indicated that positive CMT reaction in early lactation may be a good indicator for IMI; there was a significant association between the frequency of isolation of major pathogens and the CMT score in milk samples obtained in the period of early lactation (Pearson’s χ2=240.031, df=9, P<0.001).
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DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDE IN PIG PRODUCTION CHAIN IN MACEDONIA BY GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
(National and University Library of the Republic of Srpska, 2016-11-28)
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Angjeleska, Aleksandra
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Pacinovski, Nikola
<jats:p>Exposure of animals to ionizing irradiation may be a important pathway fortransfer of radionuclides to human food chain, thereby adding to the exposureburden. Therefore, radiation control of animal feeds and animal products willreduce risk for radioactive hazards to human health. The study was carried out inorder to detect the natural radioactivity in edible parts of pigs, excrements andfeeds in one commercial pig breeding farm in Macedonia. Therefore, 40K, 212Pb,214Pb, 228Ac, 235U, 241Am, 212Bi, 214Bi, 232Th, 7Be and 226Ra were measured usinggamma spectrometry. Gamma spectrometer Canberra Packard with a high-puritygermanium detector and Marinelli beakers (1 l capacity) were used for the samplesmeasurement. The most prominent gamma energies observed in the spectrabelonged to the naturally occurring radionuclides 40K, 235U and 232Th. Othernuclides if present occurred infrequently at low levels. The result show that 40Kmade the largest contribution to the specific radioactivity in all the samples. Themean activity concentration of the 40K in edible organs (kidney and liver), muscle,excrements and feeds was: 73.39±9.109 Bq/kg; 111.26±3.88 Bq/kg; 298.80±38.51Bq/kg; 83.60±10.279 Bq/kg, respectively. The 235U and 232Th were detectible onlyin feed samples (0.53±0.293 Bq/kg; 163.69±23.791 Bq/kg, respectively) andsamples from excrements (0.25±0.021 Bq/kg; 58.17±1.062 Bq/kg, respectively).The other radionuclides were detected only in few samples and the measuredactivities were below the detection limit. If we take in consideration the activityconcentration of the most frequently occurred 40K found in all samples, than therewas statistical significant difference between radioactivity concentration in organs,muscle, excrements and feeds (p<0.001).</jats:p>
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The Effect of Thermal Environment on Daily Milk Yield of Dairy Cows
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2016-10-01)
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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of environmental air temperatures on the milk production of dairy cows. Therefore, the experiment was carried out at the height of summer (from 15<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> of June to 15<jats:sup>th</jats:sup> of September) in three small family dairy farms and one commercial dairy farm. In total, 51 dairy cows from the black-white breed were subjected to the study. The season of research was divided into three periods: the period before the hot season, the period of the hot season and the period after the hot season. In each period there were three test days selected that were used for recording the air temperature inside and outside the barns and cow’s daily milk yield. Unvaried associations between the test day milk yield of cows and independent environmental and cow factors were done using the linear mixed model for repeated measurements. The statistical model showed that the farm management system and the hot season of the year had significant influence on daily milk yield per cow at the level of p<0.001. The test day per periods of the season when milk control was performed and the average test day environmental temperature showed statistically significant influence on daily milk yield per cow at level p<0.01. The present results revealed that environmental air temperatures contributes to considerable loss in the milk production of dairy cows.</jats:p>

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