Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food

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Nanofertilizers: A New Approach to Horticultural Nutrition
(International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2025)
Marina T. Stojanova
;
Dragutin A. Djukic
;
Monika Stojanova
Nanotechnology offers transformative potential in agriculture and horticulture, revolutionizing crop production, plant health, and resource management. Its dynamic influence is particularly evident in enhancing vegetable yields through targeted nutrient delivery. Nanofertilizers, which utilize nanoparticles with higher surface tension than conventional fertilizers, provide plants with slow-release, efficient nutrient availability. This improves nutrient uptake, reduces waste, and promotes more sustainable farming practices. Nanofertilizers are specifically designed to optimize plant growth, fertility, and pollination in flowers, resulting in higher yields and improved quality in horticultural crops. By enhancing the availability and use efficiency of nutrients, nano fertilizers reduce nutrient fixation and enhance overall productivity. This review focuses on the significance of nanotechnology development, nanomaterials, and nano fertilizers, highlighting their potential to improve productivity and quality in horticultural crops. It also explores how nanoparticles can enhance plant resilience, particularly in response to environmental changes, supporting food security for the growing global population. By providing targeted, efficient solutions, nanotechnology offers promising strategies for ensuring the long-term sustainability and health of horticultural production systems. The application of nanofertilizers in enhancing both crop quality and environmental sustainability positions nanotechnology as a key innovation for the future of agriculture.
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Exploring Lyophilised Suillus granulatus Extracts as Natural Additives for Industrially Produced Functional Dehydrated Soups
(Flavour and Fragrance Journal, Wiley, 2025-07)
Monika Stojanova
;
Milena Pantic
;
Anita Klaus
;
Dunja Miletic
;
Dragana Mihajlovic
This study focused on creating lyophilised extracts from Suillus granulatus to assess its antimicrobial properties and explore its potential as a natural substitute for monosodium glutamate in dehydrated soups. The water extract demonstrated stronger antimicrobial activity against L. ivanovii than chloramphenicol. The MBC and MFC values for the water extract were significantly lower (p < 0.05) against L. ivanovii (5.0 mg mL−1), E. faecalis (10 mg mL−1), S. enteritidis (20.0 mg mL−1) and C. neoformans (2.5 mg mL−1) compared to the ethanol extract. Both extracts were more effective against Gram-negative bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a rough structure in the water extract and a granular structure in the ethanol extract. FT-IR analysis of the mushroom extracts reveals that the carbohydrate subregion is primarily influenced by glucan vibrations, as glucans represent the dominant polysaccharides in mushrooms. The characteristic absorption bands at 1160 cm−1 (appearing as a shoulder), 1078, 1048 and 908 cm−1 correspond to β-D-glucan, while the bands observed at 1148, 1027 and 937 cm−1 indicate the presence of α-D-glucan. The lyophilised water extract exhibited better activity against E. faecalis than the ethanol extract. These findings support the creation of healthier, safer products, encouraging long-term health benefits through daily consumption. This study points to a promising future for the development of functional, high-quality and safe food products by replacing synthetic additives, such as MSG, with natural, antimicrobial-rich mushroom extracts. Ultimately, Suillus granulatus could play a pivotal role in advancing the industrial production of functional foods. Further studies, including in vivo testing, will be conducted.
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Novel functional plant-based yoghurt designed and analysed using conventional and AI techniques
(Journal of Central European Agriculture, 2025-06)
Monika Stojanova
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Marina T. Stojanova
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Aziz Şatana
;
Dragutin A. Djukic
This research uses supercritical water extraction to extract bioactive compounds from orange peel and the edible mushroom Suillus granulatus. The goal was to create a new functional almond yoghurt enriched with these extracts while determining its nutritional, antioxidant, and sensory properties. Moreover, the goal was also to determine the accuracy and reliability of digital sensor analysis using a combination of several software programs. The precise fermentation process was successfully employed during the laboratory production of almond yoghurt enriched with extracts from orange peel and S. granulatus. Subcritical water extraction, known as "green extraction," has proven to be an excellent method for extracting valuable components from food waste, such as orange peel. The three types of almond yoghurt produced exhibited remarkably high protein content (ranging from 13.51% to 14.88%) and fat content (between 9.13% and 9.39%), significantly exceeding the protein and fat levels found in traditional yoghurt made from cow's milk. Among the samples, the yoghurt enriched with orange peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both tests conducted (P < 0.05) compared to the other samples. Additionally, the yogurt enriched with orange peel (Sample 2) showed significantly greater facial expressions, including lip press (10.70), lip suck (2.26), surprise (3.57), and joy (8.71), in comparison to Samples 1 and 3 (P < 0.05). This production process will be adapted for industrial-scale production, integrating digitalisation and emphasising the importance of precise fermentation to ensure the production of high-quality, functional plant-based substitutes for dairy products.
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IMPROVING THE BUDS' WINTER TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE AND CLUSTER CHEMICAL COMPOSITION FROM ‘CARDINAL’ GRAPEVINE USING SOIL AND FOLIAR FERTILIZATION
(2024-10)
Marina T. Stojanova
;
Yalcin Kaya
;
Monika Stojanova
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most economically important productive drought stress-adapted crops grown globally. Fertilization is an important agrotechnical measure, where by applying optimal doses and types of fertilizers in an appropriate period, it is possible to significantly influence the development of the grapevine, and thus the production of high-quality grapes. This research aimed to determine the influence of soil and foliar fertilizing on the chemical composition of the clusters and the resistance of the clusters to low winter temperatures of grapevine cultivar ‘Cardinal’ grown in the Tikves vineyard area, North Macedonia. In November, with the basic cultivation of the soil, the fertilizer NPK 10-20-30 was applied (500 kg∙ha-1). Foliar fertilizing was performed with 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2% and 1.5% solution of NPK fertilizer 18-9-27+2MgO + ME (1000 mg∙kg-1Fe; 200 mg∙kg-1 B; 150 mg∙kg-1 Zn; 500 mg∙kg-1 Mn; 56 mg∙kg-1 Mo; 110 mg∙kg-1 Cu). Different concentrations of foliar fertilizing had a positive influence on the chemical composition of the clusters and the resistance of the oaks to winter temperatures in which a significantly higher (p<0.05) content at all tested temperatures in all variants was obtained compared to the control area. In the clusters of the ‘Cardinal’ cultivar, higher (p<0.05) content of nitrogen (0.98%), phosphorus (0.98%) and potassium (1.03%), as well as the lowest percentage of frozen buds (6.05%) at a temperature of –15 °C, 8.85 % frozen buds at a temperature of –18 °C and 18.10% frozen buds at a temperature of –21 °C was determined at the variant 4 (NPK 10-20-30 + 1.2% solution of NPK 18-9-27+2MgO+ME). The highest content of calcium (1.73%) and magnesium (0.51%) in the clusters was determined in the variant 3 (NPK 10-20-30 + 0.8% solution of NPK 18-9-27+2MgO+ME).
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Drying of extracts from Coriolus versicolor using the lyophilisation technique and their application in new industrially produced dehydrated soups
(Wiley, 2024-07)
Monika Stojanova
;
Milena Pantic
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Blazo Boev
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Dragana Mihajlovic
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Marina T. Stojanova
This research aimed to produce water and ethanol extract of the medicinal mushroom Coriolus versicolor, to lyophilise the extracts and to determine the influence of the lyophilised extracts, as a complete substitute for the MSG additive, on the sensory properties of industrially produced dehydrated vegetable soup. Based on SEM analysis, it can be observed that there are differences in the microstructure between the water and ethanol extracts. In the water extract, a great heterogeneity is observed in terms of structural characteristics. Water extract showed identical antimicrobial activity (15.7 mm) against Enterococcus faecalis compared to tetracycline, while the ethanol extract had identical antimicrobial activity (14.0 mm) compared to chloramphenicol. Both extracts can be competitive (P < 0.05) with BHT in terms of capturing DPPH radicals. According to the results of the sensory analysis, it can be noted that all analysed soups were well received (quality <70%) by the evaluators.
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Comparative Study of Vermicomposting: Apple Pomace Alone and in Combination with Wheat Straw and Manure
(MDPI, 2024-05-31)
Jasna M. Kureljušić
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Slavica M. Vesković Moračanin
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Dragutin A. Đukić
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Leka Mandić
;
Vesna Đurović
Considering the sporadic number of scientific studies on vermicomposting apple pomace waste, this research conducts a comparative analysis of vermicomposting processes using Eisenia fetida, focusing on apple pomace both independently and in combination with wheat straw and/or manure (experiment 1: 60% apple pomace and 40% cattle manure; experiment 2: 60% wheat straw and 40% cattle manure; experiment 3: 80% apple pomace, 10% wheat straw, and 10% cattle manure; and experiment 4: 100% apple pomace). After a 240-day substrate transformation period, all four variations of vermicompost produced demonstrated favorable sensory properties, along with high microbiological and physicochemical quality. Throughout the vermicomposting process, the pH of all vermicomposting mixtures changed, converging towards approximately neutral values by the process’s conclusion. There was an increase in dry matter content, as well as total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, along with organic matter. Notably, the levels of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) in both the vermicomposting materials and resulting vermicomposts remained significantly below the maximum permissible levels stipulated by Republic of Serbia and European Union legislation, which is directly linked to the ecological origin of the raw materials used. The microbiological quality of the final vermicomposts was deemed satisfactory. Over time, there was a decrease in the counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria as well as Escherichia coli. The counts of sulfite-reducing clostridia in all substrates remained below 102 CFU/g, while Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in either the composting materials or the resulting composts. The vermiculture of apple pulp exhibited advantageous characteristics, notably a shortened vermicomposting period (150 days) compared to other agricultural waste. This reduction in processing time contributes an additional layer of advantage to the overall quality and efficiency of the resulting vermicompost.
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New Formulation for Organic Mineral Nutrition of Plums to Achieve Higher Yield and Better Chemical Composition of Leaves and Fruits
(Applied Fruit Science, Springer, 2024-05)
Marina T. Stojanova
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Dragutin A. Djukic
;
Monika Stojanova
;
Aziz Şatana
The impact of foliar fertilization on the yield and chemical composition of the ‘Stenlej’ plum cultivar grown in North Macedonia was studied with multiple experimental variants as follows: 1. Control (untreated); 2. NPK+Ever green with Me (55% organic matter, 2% w/w Mg, 2% w/w Fe, 2% w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5% w/w Cu, 0.5% w/w B); 3. NPK+Biolinfa (34% organic matter 3% N, 5.80% K2O); 4. NPK+Oligomix (1.20% B, 0.10% Cu, 4% Fe, 1.50% Mn, 0.10% Mo, 2% Zn). Before setting up the experiment, soil agrochemical analyses were performed, and it was concluded that fertility was good in terms of nitrogen but medium in terms of phosphorus and potassium. Foliar fertilizing has a positive influence on the yield and chemical composition of leaves and plum fruits. The highest (p < 0.05) average plum fruit yield (18,255 kg∙ha−1) was determined in variant 2. The same variant was characterized by the highest (p < 0.05) average content of nitrogen (3.10%), phosphorus (0.35%) and potassium (2.15%) in plum leaves and plum fruits (3.40% N, 1.35% P2O5, 3.87% K2O).
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THE INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR FERTILIZING ON THE APRICOT YIELD AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF APRICOT LEAVES
(The Balkans Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, 2023-06-29)
Marina T. Stojanova
;
Aziz Şatana
;
Monika Stojanova
;
Dragutin Djukic
The effect of foliar fertilizing on the yield and the chemical composition of leaves from Roxana apricot cultivar grown in Skopje Region was determined. The experiment was set in four variants and three repetitions. The variants were: Control (untreated); Humustim (organic matter 58.63%, dry matter 12.38%, humic acids 20.40%, fulvo acids 2.15%, N 3%, P2O5 1.02%, K2O 7.92%, Ca 3.70%, Mg 1.03 %); NPK+Ever green with Me (55% organic matter, 2%w/w Mg, 2%w/w Fe, 2%w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5 %w/w Cu, 0.5 %w/w B); NPK+Biolinfa (34% organic matter, 3 %N, 5.80 % K2O);The distance of fruit planting was 5 m row by row and 4 m in the rows. In each variant and repetition 20 plants were included, and total in all experiment 240 plants were involved. Three foliar treatments were applied with given above fertilizers at a concentration of 0.4%. At the end of November, soil fertilizing with the fertilizer Polyfeed NPK 11-44-11 (450 kg∙ha-1) was done. Before setting up the experiment, soil agrochemical analyses were made, and was concluded good fertility with nitrogen, but medium fertility with phosphorus and potassium. The foliar fertilizing has a positive influence on the yield and the chemical composition of apricot leaves. The highest (p<0.05) average apricot fruit yield (33.150 kg∙ha-1) was determined in the leaves from the variant treated with fertilizer NPK+Ever green with Me (55% organic matter, 2%w/w Mg, 2%w/w Fe, 2%w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5 %w/w Cu, 0.5 %w/w B). The lowest (p<0.05) apricot fruits yield (31.2700 kg∙ha-1) was determined in the control variant. The highest (p<0.05) average content of nitrogen (3.12%), phosphorus (0.42%) and potassium (3.92%) was determined in the variant NPK+Ever green со Me (55% organic matter, 2% w/w Mg, 2% w/w Fe, 2% w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5% w/w Cu, 0.5% w/w B). The highest (p<0.05) average content of calcium (2.15%) and magnesium (0.55%) were determined in the leaves from variant NPK+Oligomix (1.20% B, 0.10% Cu, 4% Fe, 1.50% Mn, 0.10% Mo, 2% Zn). The highest (p<0.05) average content of iron (199 mg·kg-1), manganese (121 mg·kg-1), B (67 mg·kg-1), zinc (105 mg·kg-1) and molybdenum Mo (59 mg·kg-1) was determined in the apricot leaves from variant NPK+Ever green with Me (55% organic matter, 2% w/w Mg, 2%w/w Fe, 2% w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5% w/w Cu, 0.5% w/w B), compared to control and other variants.
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THE EFFECT OF FOLIAR FERTILIZING ON THE PLUM YIELD AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PLUM LEAVES
(TOKYO 7TH INTERNATIONAL INNOVATIVE STUDIES & CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CONGRESS, 2023-04-21)
Marina T. Stojanova
;
Dragutin Đukić
;
Monika Stojanova
The effect of foliar fertilizing on the yield and the chemical composition of leaves from Stanley plum cultivar was determined. The variants were: Control (untreated); NPK+Ever green со Me (55% organic matter, 2% w/w Mg, 2% w/w Fe, 2% w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5 % w/w Cu, 0.5% w/w B); NPK+Biolinfa (34% organic matter 3% N, 5.80% K2O) and NPK+Oligomix (1.20% B, 0.10% Cu, 4% Fe, 1.50% Mn, 0.10% Mo, 2% Zn). The distance of fruit planting was 5 m row by row and 4 m in the rows. In each variant and repetition 20 plants were included, and total in all experiment 240 plants were involved. Three foliar treatments were applied with given above fertilizers at a concentration of 0.4%. At the end of November, soil fertilizing with the fertilizer Polyfeed NPK 11-44-11 (450 kg∙ha-1) was done. Soil agrochemical analyses were made, and was concluded good fertility with nitrogen, but medium fertility with phosphorus and potassium. The foliar fertilizing has a positive influence on the yield and the chemical composition of plum leaves. The highest (p<0.05) average plum fruit yield (18,255 kg∙ha-1) was determined in the variant treated with fertilizer NPK+Ever green with Me (55% organic matter, 2%w/w Mg, 2%w/w Fe, 2%w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5 %w/w Cu, 0.5 %w/w B). The lowest plum fruits yield (17,970 kg∙ha-1) was determined in the control variant. The highest average content of nitrogen (3.10%), phosphorus (0.35%) and potassium (2.15%) was determined in the variant NPK+Ever green со Me (55% organic matter, 2% w/w Mg, 2% w/w Fe, 2% w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5 % w/w Cu, 0.5% w/w B). The highest average content of calcium (2.12%) and magnesium (0.51%) were determined in the leaves from variant NPK+Oligomix (1.20% B, 0.10% Cu, 4% Fe, 1.50% Mn, 0.10% Mo, 2% Zn).
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Determination of chemical composition and antibacterial potential of Origanum vulgare extracts
(10 International Euroasia Congress on Scientifıc Researches and Recent Trends, Baku, Azerbaijan, 2023-02)
Monika Stojanova
;
Dragutin Djukic
;
Marina T. Stojanova
;
Blazo Lalevic
The aim of this research was to produce aqueous and ethanolic extract from Origanum vulgare as well as to determine the chemical composition and its antibacterial potential. In the dried sample of wild oregano, it was detected low concentrations of the analysed metals Fe, Mn, Cu, B and Zn, while there was no presence of toxic metals such as Pb, Cd and Ni. Total flavonoids content was higher (p<0.05) in both tested extracts, compared to the total phenols content. Nevertheless, aqueous oregano extract was characterized with higher (p<0.05) phenols (45.19 mg∙g-1) and flavonoids content (50.26 mg∙g-1) compared to the ethanolic extract (39.67 mg∙g-1 i.e. 43.71 mg∙g-1). Generally, aqueous extract showed higher (p<0.05) antibacterial potential against most of the tested bacteria, compared to the ethanolic one. In line with that, ethanolic extract had better values only against B. cereus (21.0 mm), E. faecalis (28.1 mm) and P. aeruginosa (17.1 mm). The most important to be highlighted is the fact that in some of the cases, extracts from wild oregano showed higher (p<0.05) antibacterial potential against some of the tested strains, compared to the positive controls gentamicin and neomycin. This opens up new possibilities for the use of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of wild oregano in different segments of the industry, such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, etc. In this way, it is possible to influence the partial or complete elimination of synthetic additives and preparations used in the industry.

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