Institute of Economics

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Gender inequality on the Macedonian labour market
(EMAN 2019, 2019-03-28)
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Djambaska, Elizabeta
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The labour market is facing different forms of inequality and discrimination against workers on the basis of gender, age and health. Gender gaps are one of the most pressing challenges. Globally, women are substantially less likely than men to participate on the labour market and to find jobs. Their access to quality employment opportunities is limited. Many researches have shown that there is a significant difference between the genders, in terms of the wage levels, occupation, working hours, economic status, duration of the unemployment etc. The research hypothesis of the paper is that Republic of Macedonia has gender inequality on its labour market, seen through different position of men and women regarding their economic activity, employment and unemployment. The aim of the paper is to identify the level of gender inequality and the differences between men and women on the Macedonian labour market. The paper consists of two segments. The first is focused on the theoretical aspects of the gender inequality, as well as on the measures and indicators which can determine the scale of gender inequality. In the second part, the situation on the Macedonian labour market regarding the position and differences between men and women is observed. For that purpose, the economic activity, employment and unemployment of men and women (by age, educational attainment, economic status, working hours, sectors of activity, occupations, wages and other) is analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the position of women was and remains worse than of the men. It is seen in their lower participation in the economic activity and employment in the country, in the higher unemployment rates, longer unemployment, lower wages, in an increase of the average time to find work, in the proportion of women in traditionally female occupations etc. The gender inequality demands more attention in order to improve existing legislation and to implement labour market policies which will ensure higher participation of women on the labour market. Therefore, the paper, also, notes some recommendations to overcome the unfavorable situation of women on the Macedonian labour market. The study of the gender inequality on the Macedonian labour market is made for the last decade, using the available data from the State Statistical office of the Republic of Macedonia. For the purpose of the research, reports, data and statistical analyses on gender inequality from different international institutions (Eurostat, World Bank, World Economic Forum and International Labour Organization) are also used. Concerning the methodology, the study is based on the qualitative methods such as: analysis of literature and documents and deductive reasoning, as well as on the quantitative method of descriptive statistics.
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Identifying employee skills in SMEs in the Republic of North Macedonia
(EMAN 2020, 2020-09-03)
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Piperkova, Irina
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Djambaska, Elizabeta
The main aim of this paper is to identify current levels of knowledge, skills and abilities of the SMEs’ employees in North Macedonia, vis-à-vis firms’ needs for knowledge and skills. This paper analyzes the current levels of employee job-specific, soft, digital and entrepreneurial skills on a sample of firms in North Macedonia. For the purposes of this research, the employees were classified in three categories: core employees, supporting employees and managers. The results of the research show that the main challenge regarding the soft skills refers to solving complex problems, capacity for job analysis and initiative. Adapting to new technologies is found to be the weakest aspect of digital skill among employees. Entrepreneurial skills related to risk taking, capacity to generate new ideas, creativity and innovation as well as flexibility at work are also considered to be a challenge.
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GREEN ECONOMY IMPLEMENTATION IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR – EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
(Institute of economics-Skopje, 2022-06-01)
Hadzi Naumova-Mihajlovska K.,
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Petroska-Angelovska N.,
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Takovska M.
Agriculture sector plays a significant role in the national economy in the Republic of North Macedonia and has strong linkages to other sectors. Its direct and indirect effect on people and environment additionally makes it important for implementation of principles of green economy. Agriculture can provide livelihoods and food security for population, reduce the risks from climate change and meet increasing demand for energy in terms of energy production shortage in the country. Although the pandemic further has complicated the situation in the Macedonian economy, it gives an advantage for development of the concept of green economy that is, by efficient use of resources and respect for the principles of natural laws to find new technological and innovative solutions that will contribute to production of food and agricultural goods on a sustainable basis, pollution reduction and maintaining and increasing farm production and profitability of agriculture sector. Given this, the main purpose of the paper is to analyze the agriculture sector of the Republic of North Macedonia in terms of the ability to implement the concept of green economy, i.e. identify the opportunities and challenges it faces in the process of adopting green policies in its entities. The methodology of research is based on primary data obtained from previously prepared, structured questionnaire, submitted to entities (small and medium enterprises) in the Republic of North Macedonia. In order to perceive the current situation, questions were referred to awearness and knowledge of entities on environmental regulation and application of environmental practices and principles of green economy. The analysis showed that in the agriculture sector there is obvious lack of information on how entities can apply the concept of green economy and are facing with complex administrative procedure in implementing environmental practices and strict rules if they want to do more than the legally prescribed requirements. This can be explained by the fact that many agricultural enterprises are subject to the environmental regulatory regime that is not appropriate for them. Despite the modest external support, most of the surveyed entities take measures for more efficient use of resources, in order to save and reduce costs. Therefore, it is necessary to create a regulatory framework for green economy in North Macedonia by bringing clear and appropriate documents with specific activities and measures, harmonized with EU standards. That means to implement higher environmental standards and increasing investments in the sector of agriculture having on mind that green economy concept in the Republic of North Macedonia is relatively new for the entities. Therefore, it is obvious the need to expand state financial support for green businesses in agricultural sector and strengthen market incentives to improve the application of the concept of green economy, both directly (such as: green public procurement) and indirectly (green certificates and eco-labels) in order to increase the demand for improved environmental performance and green products and services. The acceptance of paper recommendations in order to promote the implementation of the green economy concept will give an opportunity for agriculture sector to achieve its goals while protecting the environment, strengthening natural capital and energy efficiency of resources. In that context, principles of green economy in agriculture sector should be a significant part of long-term strategy for sustainability in the Republic of North Macedonia.
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REVIEW OF MACEDONIAN ECONOMY AMID THE COVID-19 CRISIS
(Institute of Economic Sciences, Belgrade, 2021-12)
Iskra Stanceva-Gigov, Vladimir Petkovski
The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus was strongly reflected in the global economy, not excluding any national economy, even the Macedonian one. In order to identify every stamp left by the crisis in the Macedonian economy, the paper analyzes key macroeconomic indicators. At the same time, the projections for the same indicators in the current 2021 and the next two years, prepared by international institutions and the National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia (NBRNM), are taken into account. Statistics show that the effects of the global pandemic emergency are present in many segments, but that the start of the immunization process and its more pronounced implementation in the future will lead to the stabilization of many economic categories. The research results are important for analyzing the impact of the current crisis on macroeconomic indicators in the Republic of North Macedonia, as well as for future studies focusing on economic development affected by global pandemics.
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COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS AS A TRIGGER: TRANSITION TO DIGITAL ECONOMY IN NORTH MACEDONIA
(2020-10)
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The number of organizations attempting to adopt digital technologies and transform themselves has grown rapidly over the past few years. Digital transformation of organizations is becoming one of the critical sources of competitive advantage and competitiveness, but the Covid-19 crisis has highlighted the importance of going digital even for the existence of businesses, organizations and jobs. The objective of this paper is to highlight the necessity of digitization in all segments of the economy of North Macedonia.

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