Institute of Economics

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Gender inequality on the Macedonian labour market
(EMAN 2019, 2019-03-28)
Aleksandra Lozanoska
;
Elizabeta Djambaska
;
Vladimir Petkovski
The labour market is facing different forms of inequality and discrimination against workers on the basis of gender, age and health. Gender gaps are one of the most pressing challenges. Globally, women are substantially less likely than men to participate on the labour market and to find jobs. Their access to quality employment opportunities is limited. Many researches have shown that there is a significant difference between the genders, in terms of the wage levels, occupation, working hours, economic status, duration of the unemployment etc. The research hypothesis of the paper is that Republic of Macedonia has gender inequality on its labour market, seen through different position of men and women regarding their economic activity, employment and unemployment. The aim of the paper is to identify the level of gender inequality and the differences between men and women on the Macedonian labour market. The paper consists of two segments. The first is focused on the theoretical aspects of the gender inequality, as well as on the measures and indicators which can determine the scale of gender inequality. In the second part, the situation on the Macedonian labour market regarding the position and differences between men and women is observed. For that purpose, the economic activity, employment and unemployment of men and women (by age, educational attainment, economic status, working hours, sectors of activity, occupations, wages and other) is analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the position of women was and remains worse than of the men. It is seen in their lower participation in the economic activity and employment in the country, in the higher unemployment rates, longer unemployment, lower wages, in an increase of the average time to find work, in the proportion of women in traditionally female occupations etc. The gender inequality demands more attention in order to improve existing legislation and to implement labour market policies which will ensure higher participation of women on the labour market. Therefore, the paper, also, notes some recommendations to overcome the unfavorable situation of women on the Macedonian labour market. The study of the gender inequality on the Macedonian labour market is made for the last decade, using the available data from the State Statistical office of the Republic of Macedonia. For the purpose of the research, reports, data and statistical analyses on gender inequality from different international institutions (Eurostat, World Bank, World Economic Forum and International Labour Organization) are also used. Concerning the methodology, the study is based on the qualitative methods such as: analysis of literature and documents and deductive reasoning, as well as on the quantitative method of descriptive statistics.
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Identifying employee skills in SMEs in the Republic of North Macedonia
(EMAN 2020, 2020-09-03)
Aleksandra Lozanoska
;
Irina Piperkova
;
Elizabeta Djambaska
The main aim of this paper is to identify current levels of knowledge, skills and abilities of the SMEs’ employees in North Macedonia, vis-à-vis firms’ needs for knowledge and skills. This paper analyzes the current levels of employee job-specific, soft, digital and entrepreneurial skills on a sample of firms in North Macedonia. For the purposes of this research, the employees were classified in three categories: core employees, supporting employees and managers. The results of the research show that the main challenge regarding the soft skills refers to solving complex problems, capacity for job analysis and initiative. Adapting to new technologies is found to be the weakest aspect of digital skill among employees. Entrepreneurial skills related to risk taking, capacity to generate new ideas, creativity and innovation as well as flexibility at work are also considered to be a challenge.
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Quality of Life in the Republic of North Macedonia Seen Through the Human Development Indicators
(IGI Global book series Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics (AFAE), 2019)
Elizabeta Djambaska
;
Aleksandra Lozanoska
;
Vladimir Petkovski
This chapter considers the trend of human development in the RNM, presented through the HDI. The special focus would be the links with the problem of poverty and inequality in the economy, regarding the data for the GINI, IHDI, GDI, poverty line, MPI, vulnerable employment, and youth unemployment. The research subject is the period from 2010 to 2017, using the secondary statistical data. Comparative analysis, with the countries from the CESEE countries, further improve the quality of the chapter. The RNM is a country with a high level of human development, and it is relatively equally distributed among the population. There is a difference in the distribution of the achievements of HD and an intermediate level of equality in the distribution between the genders. Income inequality expressed with the GINI index shows increase. The results confirm that there is no automatic link between the economic growth and human development. Income and gender inequality regress the quality of life in Macedonia. Growth in RNM in the past period has failed to produce the expected positive effects.
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Provision of public goods and services in the Republic of Macedonia
(Institute of Economics – Skopje, 2018-12)
Aleksandra Lozanoska
;
Elizabeta Djambaska
The paper reviews the process of providing public goods and services in the Republic of Macedonia. Considering the theoretical knowledge about this process, the article focuses on the principles for provision of public goods and services and the quantitative and qualitative indicators which measure the effectiveness and efficiency. They are all part of the Principles of Public Administration adopted in the European Union. The results of the research show that the public administration in the Republic of Macedonia is in a continuous process of reforms. These reforms tend to increase the efficiency in provision of public goods and services. Many researches conducted in the country has confirmed that there is an evident need for further improvement of this process and that it should be made in accordance with the citizens’ needs. The paper also observes some general recommendations and measures for better provision of public goods and services and for more efficient quality control of services.
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Growth accounting in the Republic of North Macedonia
(Institute of Economics – Skopje, 2019-12)
Elizabeta Djambaska
;
Aleksandra Lozanoska
Growth accounting approach method is a useful technic which estimates the relative contribution of the factors of production to the economic growth rate and allow us to identify the current growth pattern. In this paper the focus is on the economic growth in the Republic of North Macedonia and the determination of the source of growth in the past two decades. The decomposition of the three basic factors labour, capital and productivity is calculated according to the Cobb-Douglas production function. The calculations are made for the whole 20 years period, first 1997 – 2017 and also for the group of five years period (1997-2001, 2001-2005, 2005-2009, 2009-2013 and 2013-2017). The results from the growth accounting in the Republic of North Macedonia shows that average growth rate in the past 20 years is 1.34%. Average growth rate of physical capital is 4.24% and of the labour is 1.28%. Contributions of physical capital to the growth rate in the Republic of North Macedonia is 1.40 percent points. Labour contribution is 0.86 percent points. The total factor productivity contributions to the average growth rate is negative -0.92 percentage points. The results of the calculations for the five years period confirm the low average rate of growth, and similar growth pattern of the average growth rate of capital and labour. The most concerning is the low and negative total factor productivity. This lead to the conclusions that economic growth in the Republic of North Macedonia is due to intensification of the labour. Hence, the growth is unsustainable in the long ran. Unsustainability of growth arise due to the low productivity of the production factors and the increased public debt which was made for financing the evidently low growth rate in the past. Recommendations are to focus on the investment in the physical capital, education, research and development, which will rise the quality of human capital and will increase total factor productivity.
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Theoretical approach of macroeconomic policy measures for solving economic consequences of Covid-19
(Institute of Economics – Skopje, 2020-06)
Elizabeta Djambaska
;
Aleksandra Lozanoska
COVID-19 is a virus that cause health problems to the population and spread very fast in the world as a pandemic. At the same time when the health and human lives are affected, economy is also impacted by an outbreak. The primary effect of the corona crisis, that defers it from some previous ones, is that the initial economic shocks occur simultaneously on supply and demand side. The shocks initially are caused by the state measures taken for the virus spreading i.e. the state decree for restrict or prohibit human movement, tourist travel, the work of business entities in some activities was completely reduced, in others significantly limited. Hence, one of the first sectors impacted by an outbreak is the public and private health system, then tourism, trade, transport, agriculture, constructions and industry. Indirectly and in very short time the functioning of the whole economy is threatened. The main question is, are the government interventions in the economy necessary and which measures are appropriate to manage the economic consequences from the pandemic. This paper discusses about the theoretical approach of the macroeconomic measures that government can use on both supply and demand side in the economy, for solving the imbalance. Important part of the paper is the short review of some ongoing macroeconomic policy measures in the EU countries and in North Macedonia, as an active response to the pandemic effects.
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Digital perspectives of social entrepreneurship in Western Balkan countries
(Institute of Economics – Skopje, 2021-04)
Snezana Kostadinoska Miloseska
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Vasil Popovski
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Elizabeta Djambaska
Digital technologies play an increasingly important role in our society. The ability to connect and interact quickly and efficiently becomes essential and digital skills are even more relevant for companies and individuals. The main objectives in paper are to show the growth potential possibilities of both the market and the social impact of the social enterprises, considering the digitalization of the same. Hence, the digitalization in Social Services in general sense, is define as the massive adoption of digital technologies to generate, process and share information and implement specific tasks via digital devices. Pandemic most explicitly shown us and taught us that there is great room for the digitization of many old and new businesses, especially in the social entrepreneurship in WBC as huge potential. The main focus of this paper is to increase the awareness of the concept of the Digital Social Entrepreneurship (DSE), as a combination of the social and digital aspects of entrepreneurship. Therefore, the possibilities and obstacles of these process in the Western Balkans countries (WBC) is considered. The results from the analysis in WBC, in the field of social enterprises gives overview of the current situation, which is underdeveloped. SEs in the WBC need to bridge the challenges they are facing in the everyday functioning and the digitalisation process. Theory and modern practices show thatdigitalisation in these services offer many possibilities and positive effects, including new opportunities for entrepreneurs, new companies/business, new and more productive jobs which leads to sustainable growth. This research recognized common issues when it comes to the challenges that countries are facing, and creates recommendations that might benefit social enterprise in their digitalisation. The issue of digitalisation is crucial for social economy enterprises, because the changes offer both challenges and opportunities. Indeed, new digital technologies enable quicker exchanges of best practices and offer tools to support the values of the social economy through new collaborative, shortcircuit and circular economic models, on which social economy actors could have a defining influence if they rise up to the task.
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Employment aspects related to quality of life in North Macedonia
(Integrated Business Faculty Skopje, 2022-06)
Aleksandra Lozanoska
;
Elizabeta Djambaska
;
Irina Piperkova
The purpose of this article is to identify the aspects of employment in the Republic of North Macedonia in terms of the quality of life. Therefore, certain features of the quantity and quality of employment for the last ten years have been taken into account, covering the working age population aged 15 to 64, vis-a-vis EU-27 (excluding the United Kingdom). The analysis refers on data indicators about the quality of life provided by Eurostat. Employment, hence the possibility for productive activity and earning income, is prerequisite for better life quality. Also, the improvements in terms of higher wages, permanent job and јоb arrangements that correspond to the relevant education and skills are paramount for person’s life quality. The Covid-19 pandemic drastically changed everyday life and caused changes in work, so the perceptions of the employees in Macedonia on this issue, obtained as a result of an online survey, are also presented in this paper. The findings of the survey confirm that the pandemic caused changes in work, as well as job losses, but also other qualitative changes in employment, such as work from home, which significantly affect the quality of life. This research doesn’t cover all aspects of employment and unemployment in terms of quality of life. There are other relevant issues on this theme which can be topics for further studies and analysis.
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Quality of education - the core value of human capital
(Institute of Economics – Skopje, 2022-04)
Irina Piperkova
;
Elizabeta Djambaska
;
Aleksandra Lozanoska
Education is the major building block of human capital. The purpose of this article is to investigate the level of quality in secondary education and analyze educational attainment trends in North Macedonia. The research focuses on Eurostat statistical data of the educational attainment level of the population in North Macedonia vis-a-vis EU average. Eurostat data on employment based on educational attainment level of the population present an overview of the importance of education for employment opportunities and economic prosperity of individuals. The paper also analyzes the quality of education in North Macedonia, using an online survey among high school students to assess their perception on the level of quality of education. Survey findings reveal significant weaknesses in the quality of education in North Macedonia, among which the most alarming is that students do not perceive causality between education and future benefits in life.Without focusing on improving quality of education, especially in terms of greater focus on applied knowledge and lifelong learning, the country cannot expect that education can be a driver of human capital, productivity and economic growth.
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Challenges of the demographic ageing in the Republic of North Macedonia – current situation and prospects
(Institute of Economics – Skopje, 2022-10)
Aleksandra Lozanoska
;
Verica Janeska
;
Elizabeta Djambaska
The aim of this paper is to identify the changes in the period 2002-2021 and current situation related to population ageing and basic functional contingents of the resident population in North Macedonia. Based on the analysis the main challenges in terms of demographic and socio-economic development on mid and long term are determined and areas in which appropriate policies should be developed. The analyses show that resident population has declined for about 12% and the demographic ageing was accelerated. It results with decrease of the number of children for 27%, young population (32%), working-age population for (12.4%) and female fertile population (21.4%), while the population aged 65+ increased for 47.5%. In circumstances of extremely unfavorable demographic situation, the country is facing three major challenges referring to the necessity to mitigate the decrease of the resident population and of the young working-age population, as well as the rapid growth and aging of the elderly population. Each of them is equally complex and requires great attention and comprehensive activities of the policy makers in the country. Indisputable interrelation of the policies in all these areas requires creation and of a comprehensive strategy for family that should include all relevant aspects related to promoting its position and sustainability.

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