Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior
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Item type:Publication, Analysis of the influence of the length of beech sawlogs (Fagus sylvatica L.) on the maximum quantity exploitation(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2021-09); ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analysis of heat consumption during convective wood drying of beech sawn timber of different thickness(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2025-09); ; In the paper, the heat consumption of beech sawn timber with a thickness of 50,0 and 70,0 (mm) are analyzed under conditions of classic convective drying. The drying mode is compiled on the basis of data on the temperature of the drying agent (air), the relative humidity of the air and the speed of air movement in accordance with the current value of moisture in the wood. The heat consumption is analyzed in all stages of the drying cycle such as heating the wood, active drying of the wood and conditioning, i.e. equalization of the moisture in the cross-section within ± 2.0 (%). The moisture content of sawn timber at the beginning of drying is about 45,0 (%) and at the end of drying is 8,0 (%). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Influence of beech sawlogs (Fagus sylvatica L.) quality on milled lumber quality(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2021-11); ; This research paper presents results obtained from conducted research under pragmatic conditions. The results correspond to the influence of the sawlogs quality on the milled lumber quality. The logs were from beechwood (Fagus sylvatica L.). The beech sawlogs, as the key point of research, were graded as 1st and 2nd grade logs. The sawlogs were with the consistent length of l = 4,0 m. The diameter of the 1st grade logs was in the range d = 33,0 ÷ 50 cm, and for the 2nd grade logs d = 34,0 ÷ 50,0 cm. The total number of analyzed logs was 40, 20 logs for each grade. The 1st grade sawlogs had the volume of V = 11,7 m3 and the volume for the 2nd grade logs was the same, V = 11,7 m3. The 1st grade sawlogs had a diameter taper in the range S = 0,5 ÷ 1,0 cm/m and the 2nd grade logs’ diameter taper was S = 0,75 ÷ 1,75 cm/m. The mean value of the diameter taper was as followed: for the 1st grade logs, Ssr = 0,78 cm/m and for the 2nd grade logs Ssr = 1,26 cm/m. It must be noted that the milled lumber values given in this research are relative. After milling the 1st grade logs, the following values were obtained: sawn lumber with a share of 62,80%, dimensional lumber with a share of 18,55%, and heartwood with a share of 18,65%; from a total amount of 100%. The 2nd grade logs gave the following values, from the total amount of 100%: 51,80% sawn lumber; 21,38% dimensional lumber, and 26,82% heartwood. The dimensional distribution of the milled lumber, for the 1st grade, from the total amount of 100%, was as following: 44,60% long milled lumber (l > 2,0 m); 20,84% short milled lumber (l = 1,0 ÷ 1,90 m); 15,91% extra short milled lumber (l = 0,5 ÷ 1,0 m) and 18,65% heartwood. The 2nd grade milled lumber had the following dimensional distribution: 38,20% long milled lumber (l > 2,0 m); 14,76% short milled lumber (l = 1,0 ÷ 1,90 m); 20,22% extra short milled lumber (l = 0,5 ÷ 1,0 m) and 26,82% heartwood, from the total amount of 100%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analysis of the heat energy used for steaming edged beech lumber (Fagus sylvatica L.) with thickness of 50 mm(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2022-11)Milled lumber steaming is a technological procedure, during which lumber is exposed to the influence of saturated water vapor, temperature and pressure, in a closed system. The purpose of the steaming process is to change the color, improve the properties of the lumber, sterilization, as well as to remove some lumber defects that had occurred during the drying process. This paper presents the results obtained from analysis of the heat energy required for steaming edged beech lumber with thickness of 50 mm. Beech (Fagus Sylvatica L.) is the dominant wood species in primary wood processing industry on the territory of North Macedonia. That being the case, the data related to steaming beech lumber is of particular interest. The heat energy of a metal automated steaming chamber with a capacity of 28 m3/cycle was analyzed. Based on the parameters given, an analysis and technical calculation of the heat energy required for steaming the beech lumber were conducted. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Technical analysis of a metal chamber for direct steaming of beech lumber (Fagus sylvatica L.)(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2023-12); ; The aim of this paper is the technical analysis of a metal chamber for direct steaming of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)-edged lumber with a thickness of 50.0 mm. The paper presents the basic parameters of the chamber and calculates the dimensions of the metal chamber and its capacity. The dimensions of the chamber with sawn lumber, the number of chambers, and the volume of the single lumber stack have been analyzed. The steaming of the wood is an important and complex operation during the processing of sawlogs into sawn lumber. Steaming, in addition to being a technological procedure, is also a thermal procedure. The steaming of the sawn lumber is carried out in the presence of water vapor in steaming chambers according to the following two methods: direct steaming of the sawn lumber and indirect steaming of the sawn lumber. In the method of direct steaming of lumber, the steaming medium is saturated water vapor. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Processing sawlogs into parquet blanks(FACULTY OF FOREST INDUSTRY – UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY – SOFIA, 2024-12); ; ; ; The term parquet refers to a floor covering made of solid wood, consisting of interconnected slats in a horizontal plane. A parquet strip is the principal constructional element of the parquet. This wooden strip is obtained as a result of processing the flooring blank. In the sawmill processing of the sawlogs, the flooring blanks are sawn from the sawlogs, mostly in the radial and tangential direction. For such a purpose, sawlogs from domestic species and foreign species are used. Most dominant in this manner are the hardwood species, although softwood species can be used too. Among the domestic species, the most are beech, oak, acacia, elm, ash, and from the softwood species pine and larch. The paper focuses on the maximum quantitative yield of beech and oak sawlogs intended for processing into parquet blanks. The sawing was conducted on a bandsaw. The blanks were with a thickness of 25,0 mm. The sawlogs belonged to the I, II, and III quality classes. A total of 12 sawlogs were processed, 6 from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and 6 from oak (Quercus robur). All sawlogs were with a constant length of 3,0 m. The mean diameter for beech and oak sawlogs was in the range of 34,0 to 36,0 cm. The average value for the quantitative yield for beech sawlogs from I, II, and III quality classes was 37,90%. For the oak sawlogs from I, II, and III quality classes the average value of the quantitative yield was 39,40%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Yield comparison of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) logs in the sawmill processing industry(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2025-12); ; ; Sawmilling technology in Macedonia is primarily characterised by small- to medium-capacity sawmills, many of which operate with mixed species and variable equipment configurations. These sawmills typically process between 1500 and 5000 m³ of roundwood annually and play a crucial role in the domestic wood industry. The technology employed often includes vertical bandsaws for primary sawing and simple layouts for material flow. Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) are among the most commonly processed species, representing a significant share of the raw material input due to their abundance, accessibility, and economic relevance. Beech is predominantly used in furniture production, while fir/spruce is more common in construction and structural applications. This paper presents a focused comparative analysis of raw material yield efficiency between beech and fir/spruce logs in a primary processing setting. The study was conducted at the MARKISTO sawmill in Leskoec, Ohrid, a representative facility within the North Macedonian context, operating with a capacity of 2,500–3,000 m³ per year. A total of 160 logs from two standardised lengths (4.0 m and 5.0 m) and I, II, and III quality classes—80 from each species—were analysed. The objective was to quantify and compare the percentage yield of sawn timber relative to log volume, under real production conditions, without altering existing workflows. Key influencing factors such as log diameter, taper, and wood defects were recorded and assessed. Results indicated that fir/spruce logs generally achieved higher yield rates than beech, particularly in the higher quality classes. For instance, Class I fir/spruce logs yielded up to 10–15% more usable lumber compared to Class I beech logs, mainly due to more uniform structure and lower waste values. In contrast, beech logs, especially from lower quality classes, were more affected by natural defects like heart checks and curvature, reducing the quantitative yield despite similar or larger diameters. The study confirms that both species and log quality significantly affect sawmill efficiency and that careful log selection and classification are essential for optimising material recovery. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of Length and Diameter Variations in Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Sawlogs on the Yield and Waste(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2024-12); ; ; ; This study evaluates the yield and waste distribution in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) sawlogs, focusing on the influence of log length and diameter. Two log lengths, 4.0 m and 5.0 m, were analysed across various diameter classes. The research examines the relationship between log geometry and the quantitative utilisation of raw materials, emphasising the impact on sawn timber yield, coarse waste, fine waste, and shrinking allowance. Experimental sawings were conducted on a vertical bandsaw in a saw mill optimised for moderate-capacity production. Statistical analysis of the data reveals significant differences in yield efficiency between the two log lengths. Logs with shorter lengths (4.0 m) demonstrated lower quantitative yield compared to longer logs (5.0 m) due to reduced taper effects and enhanced sawmill processing efficiency. Similarly, larger diameters were correlated with increased sawn timber yield, whereas smaller diameters resulted in higher proportions of waste. The waste distribution analysis highlighted that coarse waste formed the largest component, followed by fine waste, both influenced by log dimensions and quality. Precision in sawmill operations was demonstrated by the diminishing allowance, which provided a small but constant proportion to all logs. The findings underscore the importance of optimising log selection and processing parameters to maximise resource efficiency and minimise waste. This study provides insights into sustainable practices in beech sawlog processing, supporting the development of optimised sawing techniques for improved material utilisation. The results contribute to a better understanding of how log characteristics impact industrial processing outcomes, informing decision-making for sawmill operations and forest management strategies.