Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior
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Item type:Publication, Influence of beech sawlogs (Fagus sylvatica L.) quality on milled lumber quality(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2021-11); ; This research paper presents results obtained from conducted research under pragmatic conditions. The results correspond to the influence of the sawlogs quality on the milled lumber quality. The logs were from beechwood (Fagus sylvatica L.). The beech sawlogs, as the key point of research, were graded as 1st and 2nd grade logs. The sawlogs were with the consistent length of l = 4,0 m. The diameter of the 1st grade logs was in the range d = 33,0 ÷ 50 cm, and for the 2nd grade logs d = 34,0 ÷ 50,0 cm. The total number of analyzed logs was 40, 20 logs for each grade. The 1st grade sawlogs had the volume of V = 11,7 m3 and the volume for the 2nd grade logs was the same, V = 11,7 m3. The 1st grade sawlogs had a diameter taper in the range S = 0,5 ÷ 1,0 cm/m and the 2nd grade logs’ diameter taper was S = 0,75 ÷ 1,75 cm/m. The mean value of the diameter taper was as followed: for the 1st grade logs, Ssr = 0,78 cm/m and for the 2nd grade logs Ssr = 1,26 cm/m. It must be noted that the milled lumber values given in this research are relative. After milling the 1st grade logs, the following values were obtained: sawn lumber with a share of 62,80%, dimensional lumber with a share of 18,55%, and heartwood with a share of 18,65%; from a total amount of 100%. The 2nd grade logs gave the following values, from the total amount of 100%: 51,80% sawn lumber; 21,38% dimensional lumber, and 26,82% heartwood. The dimensional distribution of the milled lumber, for the 1st grade, from the total amount of 100%, was as following: 44,60% long milled lumber (l > 2,0 m); 20,84% short milled lumber (l = 1,0 ÷ 1,90 m); 15,91% extra short milled lumber (l = 0,5 ÷ 1,0 m) and 18,65% heartwood. The 2nd grade milled lumber had the following dimensional distribution: 38,20% long milled lumber (l > 2,0 m); 14,76% short milled lumber (l = 1,0 ÷ 1,90 m); 20,22% extra short milled lumber (l = 0,5 ÷ 1,0 m) and 26,82% heartwood, from the total amount of 100%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analysis of the heat energy used for steaming edged beech lumber (Fagus sylvatica L.) with thickness of 50 mm(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2022-11)Milled lumber steaming is a technological procedure, during which lumber is exposed to the influence of saturated water vapor, temperature and pressure, in a closed system. The purpose of the steaming process is to change the color, improve the properties of the lumber, sterilization, as well as to remove some lumber defects that had occurred during the drying process. This paper presents the results obtained from analysis of the heat energy required for steaming edged beech lumber with thickness of 50 mm. Beech (Fagus Sylvatica L.) is the dominant wood species in primary wood processing industry on the territory of North Macedonia. That being the case, the data related to steaming beech lumber is of particular interest. The heat energy of a metal automated steaming chamber with a capacity of 28 m3/cycle was analyzed. Based on the parameters given, an analysis and technical calculation of the heat energy required for steaming the beech lumber were conducted. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Milled lumber steaming chambers(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2022-11); This paper describers the steaming chambers used for thermal treatment of milled lumber. The steaming process is a principal operation, as part of the primary wood processing. This technological process is a relevant prerequisite for obtaining quality lumber for final manufacturing. Steaming processes take place in constructed facilities called steaming chambers, under normal range of barometric pressure. This paper presents the two methods used for milled lumber steaming, direct vaporization and indirect vaporization. The two methods are characterized by different functional principles and different installation of the steaming chambers. An important aspect for obtaining quality lumber is the level of automatization of the steaming process. Automatization is composed by technical equipment for process monitoring and allows precise insight into the steaming process. The traditional manual steaming chambers monitor the color of the condensate as an indicator of the phase of the steaming process. Alongside automatization, this paper describes the industrial energetic and water supply installation of the steaming chambers. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Technical analysis of a metal chamber for direct steaming of beech lumber (Fagus sylvatica L.)(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2023-12); ; The aim of this paper is the technical analysis of a metal chamber for direct steaming of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)-edged lumber with a thickness of 50.0 mm. The paper presents the basic parameters of the chamber and calculates the dimensions of the metal chamber and its capacity. The dimensions of the chamber with sawn lumber, the number of chambers, and the volume of the single lumber stack have been analyzed. The steaming of the wood is an important and complex operation during the processing of sawlogs into sawn lumber. Steaming, in addition to being a technological procedure, is also a thermal procedure. The steaming of the sawn lumber is carried out in the presence of water vapor in steaming chambers according to the following two methods: direct steaming of the sawn lumber and indirect steaming of the sawn lumber. In the method of direct steaming of lumber, the steaming medium is saturated water vapor. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Solar drying of wood(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2023-12); ; Solar energy represents an alternative source of energy supply, which has also found its application in wood processing technology. In particular, solar energy finds great application in the field of wood drying. Solar energy is defined as the emitted light and heat produced by the sun, which is harnessed with the help of developing technologies such as solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, solar and thermal collectors, various types of solar architecture, plantations and reactors that use molten salts, and technologies of artificial photosynthesis. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief overview of solar drying technology. A special review is given to solar drying methods. The method of work does not cause experimental research in practice but represents a collection of used literature and individual research. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Processing sawlogs into parquet blanks(FACULTY OF FOREST INDUSTRY – UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY – SOFIA, 2024-12); ; ; ; The term parquet refers to a floor covering made of solid wood, consisting of interconnected slats in a horizontal plane. A parquet strip is the principal constructional element of the parquet. This wooden strip is obtained as a result of processing the flooring blank. In the sawmill processing of the sawlogs, the flooring blanks are sawn from the sawlogs, mostly in the radial and tangential direction. For such a purpose, sawlogs from domestic species and foreign species are used. Most dominant in this manner are the hardwood species, although softwood species can be used too. Among the domestic species, the most are beech, oak, acacia, elm, ash, and from the softwood species pine and larch. The paper focuses on the maximum quantitative yield of beech and oak sawlogs intended for processing into parquet blanks. The sawing was conducted on a bandsaw. The blanks were with a thickness of 25,0 mm. The sawlogs belonged to the I, II, and III quality classes. A total of 12 sawlogs were processed, 6 from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and 6 from oak (Quercus robur). All sawlogs were with a constant length of 3,0 m. The mean diameter for beech and oak sawlogs was in the range of 34,0 to 36,0 cm. The average value for the quantitative yield for beech sawlogs from I, II, and III quality classes was 37,90%. For the oak sawlogs from I, II, and III quality classes the average value of the quantitative yield was 39,40%. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Comparative analysis of yield distribution in first and second-class quality fir and spruce sawlogs (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.): A case study from North Macedonia(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2024-12)The efficient utilisation of sawlogs represents a crucial determinant for the operational success of sawmill capacities. Sawlogs serve as the primary raw material in sawmill operations, and their rational use is influenced by several production-related factors. Key determinants impacting sawlog utilisation include wood species, log quality classification, technological capacity of sawmills, and workforce proficiency, among others. Of particular importance to sawlog processing methods are wood species and quality classification. A principal indicator of sawmill performance lies in the quantitative yield of raw material, defined by the volume of lumber produced from log processing. The economic viability of sawmills is grounded in this quantitative utilisation, with wood species and quality classification exerting the most substantial influence. This paper presents findings from a comparative analysis conducted at a sawmill facility in Berovo, Republic of North Macedonia. It examines the yield from fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) sawlogs of both first- and second-quality classes. The analysed logs maintain a consistent length of 4.0 meters. The average diameter for first-class logs ranges from 27.0 to 57.0 cm, while for second-class logs, it spans 38.0 to 62.0 cm. The mean yield rate for first-class logs is 68.93%, and for second-class logs, it is 61.55%. A comparative analysis is provided for the coarse and fine waste generated from log processing for both quality classes. Sawing was conducted using a horizontal band saw, and the resulting lumber is designated for construction and structural purposes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analysis of diameter taper in fir (Abies alba Mill.) and spruce (Picea abies L.) sawlogs from 1st and 2nd quality class(FACULTY OF FOREST INDUSTRY – UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY – SOFIA, 2025-01)The success of sawmill capacities mainly depends on the rational use of raw materials, specifically the logs for sawing. The rational use of sawmill logs is primarily influenced by quantitative yield. The quantitative yield is a complex matter influenced by several parameters, with the main ones related to the sawmill logs. The key parameters include the diameter of the logs, their length, and the diameter taper. This study focuses on analyzing the diameter taper of fir (Abies alba Mill) and spruce (Picea abies L.) sawlogs from 1st and 2nd quality class. Taper, which represents the gradual reduction in log diameter from the base to the top. By examining 80 selected logs from the sawmill company in Berovo, Republic of North Macedonia, this study identifies patterns in taper rates across eight diameter groups. The results show the impact of taper on log utilization, highlighting the implications for sawing efficiency and wood quality. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Yield comparison of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) logs in the sawmill processing industry(Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior - Skopje, 2025-12); ; ; Sawmilling technology in Macedonia is primarily characterised by small- to medium-capacity sawmills, many of which operate with mixed species and variable equipment configurations. These sawmills typically process between 1500 and 5000 m³ of roundwood annually and play a crucial role in the domestic wood industry. The technology employed often includes vertical bandsaws for primary sawing and simple layouts for material flow. Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and fir/spruce (Abies alba Mill./Picea abies L.) are among the most commonly processed species, representing a significant share of the raw material input due to their abundance, accessibility, and economic relevance. Beech is predominantly used in furniture production, while fir/spruce is more common in construction and structural applications. This paper presents a focused comparative analysis of raw material yield efficiency between beech and fir/spruce logs in a primary processing setting. The study was conducted at the MARKISTO sawmill in Leskoec, Ohrid, a representative facility within the North Macedonian context, operating with a capacity of 2,500–3,000 m³ per year. A total of 160 logs from two standardised lengths (4.0 m and 5.0 m) and I, II, and III quality classes—80 from each species—were analysed. The objective was to quantify and compare the percentage yield of sawn timber relative to log volume, under real production conditions, without altering existing workflows. Key influencing factors such as log diameter, taper, and wood defects were recorded and assessed. Results indicated that fir/spruce logs generally achieved higher yield rates than beech, particularly in the higher quality classes. For instance, Class I fir/spruce logs yielded up to 10–15% more usable lumber compared to Class I beech logs, mainly due to more uniform structure and lower waste values. In contrast, beech logs, especially from lower quality classes, were more affected by natural defects like heart checks and curvature, reducing the quantitative yield despite similar or larger diameters. The study confirms that both species and log quality significantly affect sawmill efficiency and that careful log selection and classification are essential for optimising material recovery. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of feed rate on roughness of the cut surface, during cutting dry beech and spruce wood with a circular saw(Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia, Faculty of Design and Technologies of Furniture and Interior, Skopje, 2025-11); ; ; The precision of wood processing and the quality of the machined surface are critical factors in achieving the desired processing outcomes. These factors are influenced by a variety of parameters, among which the feed rate during mechanical processing plays a significant role in determining the surface roughness of the cut. Surface roughness, often caused by tool marks, affects subsequent hydrothermal treatments and other mechanical processes, ultimately reducing the efficiency of wood usage when it is too high. For this purpose, in this paper, the dependence of the feed rate on the roughness of beech and spruce wood during the cutting of dry wood with a circular saw is investigated, with the intention of determining the optimal cutting conditions for obtaining lower values of the roughness. In this research, three different feed rates were applied (U1 = 12 m·min-1 , U2 = 16 m·min-1 and U3 = 20 m·min-1 ) for a constant cutting height of 15 mm in dry beech and spruce wood with moisture content W = 10 ± 1%. The measurements were made with a circular saw with a diameter of cutting tool D = 250 mm, a number of teeth Z = 40 and a width of the cut b = 3.2 mm. The number of rounds was n = 5500 min-1 . Roughness measurements were taken with a digital comparator, according to the Rmax criterion. The obtained results showed a pronounced significance and a directly proportional dependence of the roughness of the cut surface on the feed rate