Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health

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Workload Ratio Assessment in Football: Evaluating Simple and Exponential Moving Averages
(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2024)
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Sejkeroski Mihailo
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Nuno André Nunes
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Soklevska, Ilievski, Elena
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Introduction: To identify the optimal technique for examining time series data related to the Acute Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR), correlations between the Simple Moving Average (SMA) and the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) were investigated in this study utilising a decay factor (λ) over a period of 7/28 days. Five GPS metrics were included in our analysis: Total Distance, Accelerations, Decelerations, High Metabolic Load Distance, and Distance in Speed Zones 3+4+5 (>19,9 km/h). These data points were collected from 22 players across 47 days, excluding the first 28 days, for a total of 596 data points per pair [SMA/EWMA]. Methods: Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests were performed on the SMA and EWMA datasets prior to using the Spearman, Kendall Tau, and Distance Correlation techniques to assess correlations and dependencies between pairings. Using Python and libraries including Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, SciPy, Scikit-Learn, Statsmodels, OpenPyXL, Dcor, and IPython.display, the analysis was carried out in Anaconda's Jupyter Notebook. Results and Discussion: Significant departures from the normal distribution were shown by normality tests (p<0.05 for most of the variables). With p-values of 0.00, Spearman analysis showed significant correlations for every pair of variables, ranging from moderate (0.46) to somewhat weak (0.23). Additionally, Kendall's Tau revealed statistically significant correlations (p=0.00) across strengths, ranging from moderate (0.32) to weak (0.16). With values ranging from 0.25 to 0.44, Distance Correlation showed significant connections (p<0.00), while Energy Distance values displayed a range of discrepancies. Interestingly, EWMA frequently displayed values that were marginally lower than SMA, highlighting a significance level of p=0.00. Conclusion: The results show continuous trends and modest to moderate positive correlations between the variables under study. Both SMA and EWMA can be used with the help of distance correlation. EWMA is typically chosen for responsive trend analysis and offering a realistic representation of current conditions in ACWR monitoring due to its emphasis on recent data. The decision between SMA and EWMA, however, may change depending on the coaching needs; in this study, EWMA approaches produced somewhat lower scores than SMA.
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Effects of six-week concurrent fitness training for speed and explosive power in football players
(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2023)
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The study included total of 15 participants (average age of 17 [± 0.5] [SD +/-] years), within 3 groups ((G1) N=5, (G2) N=5, and (G3) N=5). G1 performed power exercises (traditional set – with break between sets) (~75-80% 1RМ). G2 performed exercises for acceleration/speed and plyometrics (traditional set – with break between sets). G3 performed exercises for speed / plyometrics / strength with contrast method (supersets- no break between sets). The trainings for all 3 groups were concurrent trainings, followed by regular football training, on the same day. To follow the effect of the program, the participants were tested in 2 tests, maximal speed at 30 meters -[30m] and maximal standing long jump –[Jump]. Friedman Anova (and Post Hoc Frieadman-Nemenyi -Q test) was performed for each group between 3 test points, as well as Kruskal-Wallis Anova for the comparison of differences between groups. The effect size with 90 % CL was evaluated according Field, A. (2017). The G1 group, had no effect on improving the speed (30 m sprint test) in football players (p = 0.07). For G2 group (speed + plyometrics) and G3 (strength + speed + plyometrics), 9 trainings were sufficient to significantly improve the speed (p = 0.01) Only 6 trainings made significant (p = 0.03) transformation of participants explosive strength, in the G2 group. The training of strength (G1) and strength + speed + plyometrics (G3) had a significant transformation (p = 0.01) on explosive strength after 9 supplemental trainings.
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Integrative Proposals of Sports Monitoring: Subjective Outperforms Objective Monitoring
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022-03-26)
Montull, Lluc
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Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė, Agne
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Kiely, John
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Balagué, Natàlia
Current trends in sports monitoring are characterized by the massive collection of tech-based biomechanical, physiological and performance data, integrated through mathematical algorithms. However, the application of algorithms, predicated on mechanistic assumptions of how athletes operate, cannot capture, assess and adequately promote athletes' health and performance. The objective of this paper is to reorient the current integrative proposals of sports monitoring by re-conceptualizing athletes as complex adaptive systems (CAS). CAS contain higher-order perceptual units that provide continuous and multilevel integrated information about performer-environment interactions. Such integrative properties offer exceptional possibilities of subjective monitoring for outperforming any objective monitoring system. Future research should investigate how to enhance this human potential to contribute further to athletes' health and performance. This line of argument is not intended to advocate for the elimination of objective assessments, but to highlight the integrative possibilities of subjective monitoring.
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Network Physiology of Exercise: Beyond Molecular and Omics Perspectives
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022-09-23)
Balagué, Natàlia
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Almarcha, Maricarmen
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Garcia-Retortillo, Sergi
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Ivanov, Plamen Ch
Molecular Exercise Physiology and Omics approaches represent an important step toward synthesis and integration, the original essence of Physiology. Despite the significant progress they have introduced in Exercise Physiology (EP), some of their theoretical and methodological assumptions are still limiting the understanding of the complexity of sport-related phenomena. Based on general principles of biological evolution and supported by complex network science, this paper aims to contrast theoretical and methodological aspects of molecular and network-based approaches to EP. After explaining the main EP challenges and why sport-related phenomena cannot be understood if reduced to the molecular level, the paper proposes some methodological research advances related to the type of studied variables and measures, the data acquisition techniques, the type of data analysis and the assumed relations among physiological levels. Inspired by Network Physiology, Network Physiology of Exercise provides a new paradigm and formalism to quantify cross-communication among diverse systems across levels and time scales to improve our understanding of exercise-related phenomena and opens new horizons for exercise testing in health and disease.
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Embodied transfer of knowledge using dynamic systems concepts in high school: A preliminary study
(Elsevier BV, 2022-08)
Almarcha, M C
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Martínez, P
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Balagué, N
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Hristovski, R
The transfer of knowledge among academic subjects and linking different phenomena are crucial education competencies in Bloom's taxonomy of learning goals. From another side, modern cognitive science defines cognition and learning as embodied. The Synthetic Understanding through Movement Analogies (SUMA) educational framework proposes embodied learning of general scientific principles and concepts and knowledge transfer among academic disciplines encompassing sciences, humanities and arts. Accordingly, this research aimed to evaluate the educational potential of teaching a set of Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) concepts through body movement experiences in first-grade high school students. Five classes of high school students (n = 71; 23 girls, 46 boys and 2 non-binaries, aged 12-13 y.) followed a four-week intervention addressed to teaching five DST concepts (order parameter, stability, control parameter, instability and phase transition) and transfer them to biological and social phenomena. Students followed four teaching phases: a) embodied experience, b) reflective observation of the experience, c) abstract conceptualization of the experience using the five general concepts, d) transfer of knowledge through the concepts to different phenomena from biological and social science academic subjects. Students' integration and transfer of knowledge abilities were evaluated pre- and post-intervention through a questionnaire and three open-ended questions. Results were compared using non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs test and effect sizes were calculated through PS dep measures. Students' abilities to integrate and transfer knowledge increased post-intervention (Z = 7.322, p < 0.0001, PSdep = 1). The effect of the intervention points to the potential of teaching general DST concepts through body movement experiences in high school students for achieving the goals of an embodied and unificatory transdisciplinary education.
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DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS AND RESULT SUCCESS OF SHOT-PUT BETWEEN STUDENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT FR0M DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS
( Acta Kinesiologica, 2017-06)
Ratko Pavlović
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Kemal Idrizović
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Aleksandar Raković
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Daniel Stanković
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Very common research in physical culture aim to discover some new facts that would be a realistic basis to confirm or reject some of the previous laws. Depending on current problem will depend the direction and action of research. In track and field throwing events are manifested motor skills that are usually dominant in their structure of technical performance, and from which participation depends the result of a particular discipline, and as such are often the subject of scientific research. Sometimes it's influence, relations and often differences within a particular discipline within the same or different populations. The results are all the more interesting for science if we take into account a transverse cross-section of the population in order to examine possible differences of specific motor skills, morphological dimension, specific disciplines, etc. It may be a cross-section by gender, by result, and so on. This research analyzes the space of specific motor abilities and anthropometric parameters of the population of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. The main objective of this study was to determine possible differences in the result success of ball throwing as one of the four throwing events, as well as differences in some anthropometric characteristics of students. The survey was conducted on a population of 265 students from several universities (East Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Nikšić, Niš, Skopje). In analyzing the data, by the module T-test the results obtained statistically significantly explain the differences the result success of shot put in 90% of cases of the level of significance (p <0.001) and a 40% difference in the morphological status (Body Height, Body Mass, p <0.01, p <0.05).
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FACTOR STRUCTURE ALL-AROUND OFF STUDENTS THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
(Slovak Journal of Sport Science, 2018-09)
Ratko PAVLOVIĆ
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Martin PUPIŠ
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Snezana BOROVČANIN
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Milan CUROVIĆ
All-around competition is the only competition in which it does not matter whether the athlete is the first, the second or the last in a discipline. What matters is the total number of points, and a rounder competes against his/her personal capabilities and standards. Athletic all-around competitions are a series of consecutive athletic competitions divided in two days. Success is calculated by the sum score of all disciplines that are pointed due to the international athletic tables. The research included a group of 60 students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in East Sarajevo, male, age 20±0,5 years. The aim of this study was to determine the structure of athletic all-around competition, respectively all-around competition type of students and dominance of individual disciplines. In athletic all-around competition were represented a total of 8 (eight) disciplines. Using factor analysis in a defined area were gained two factors (all-round type) with a total of explained 78% of variance of the set. The first factor (type) has exhausted 60% of the common variance of the set and is defined as all-round type of runner-jumper. Another factor has exhausted about 18% of the analyzed set and is defined as throwing type of students (latent dimension of power). The obtained results of the research are partially in contrast with similar research on a sample of top athletes.
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EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH, ARM SWING JUMP CONTRIBUTION AND ECCENTRIC UTILIZATION RATIO IN YOUTH AND JUNIOR FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
(Faculty of physical education sport and health, Skopje, 2022)
Vasileva, Fidanka, Misovski, Andrijana, Milenkoski, Josko, Georgiev, Georgi, Aceski, Aleksandar, Vasilev, Angjel
Vertical jumps are a defying predictor of performance in sports that require explosive action. Objectives of the present study are: 1) to evaluate anthropometric characteristics (height, body mass and BMI), explosive strength (squat jump, countermovement jump and countermovement jump with an arm-swing) and kinematic parameters (the arm swing jump contribution and the eccentric utilization ratio) in female volleyball players; and 2) to compare assessed parameters between youth and junior players. Thirty participants, players that are part of Macedonian Youth (N=15) and Junior (N=15) National Teams, aged 13-18 years, were included in the study. Anthropometric characteristics were measured according to the WorldHealth Organization manual, explosive strength was assessed with the Optojump system, and kinematic parameters were calculated as proposed by Abdel-Rahman (2013). SPSS 23 statistical package was used to perform statistical analysis. Normality of data distribution was tested by K-S test, Skewness and Kurtosis values. Appropriate statistical methods were used to calculate descriptive statistical parameters, and t-test was applied to determine the significance of the difference between youth and junior players. In addition, Cohen’s d was applied to calculate the effect size. No statistically significant differences were found between youth and junior players in parameters assessed. Coaches should take in consideration anthropometric and morphological characteristics of the players during the selection process, and work more in a direction of motor abilities development and improvement of technical skills, especially in pioneer and youth categories, instead of putting the main emphasis on player specialization at early age.
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POSSIBILITIES FOR CATEGORIZATION OF MOUNTAIN RUNNING COURSES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE COURSE FOR "HRISTO BOTEV CUP" - VRATSA, BULGARIA
(Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Skopje, 2018-06)
Kostadin Kisyov
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Apostol Slavchev
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Iva Dimova
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Mountain running, as an athletic discipline, which differs from other so-called trek-trails running with specific, defined requirements to the parameters of the courses on which races are held. However, each route has its own uniqueness. Explaining the specific features of a particular course can help the planning for the specialized training. A complex characteristic of the course for mountain run "Hristo Botev Cup" is made in accordance with the system of difficulty level, covering the main criteria showing the nature of the courses. Exploring a greater number of race courses with the help of the system will make it possible to create a categorization for mountain running.
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LONG JUMP: THE ARE BODY HEIGHT AND BODY WEIGHT GOOD PREDICTORS OF PERFORMANCE IN ELITE JUMPERS?
(Slovak Journal of Sport Science, 2022-12)
RATKO PAVLOVIĆ
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ZHANNETA KOZINA
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Background: Long jump are cyclic-acyclic movements of maximum intensity. It is a discipline that combines speed and jump in technique, that is, the speed-strength properties of competitors. Speed, agility and explosiveness are of special importance in jumpers. The main goal of the research is to determine the influence of Body height (BH) and Body weight (BW) with the best achieved results of Long jump. Material and methods: In study included 21 top male jumpers (BH=184.19±4.68cm; BW=78.86±6.81kg). Their achieved best results were analyzed. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between body height and body weight and the results of long jumpers. Univariate model of regression analysis was applied and the relevant coefficients were calculated. The level of acceptance of statistical significance was set to p<0.05. Results: Simple regression analysis did not show a statistically significant effect of Body height on the results in the long jump (BH vs. Long jump R=0.183; p>0.05), while Body weight confirmed a significant inverse relationship with the results of the jump (BW vs. Long jump R= - 0.442; p<0.05). Conclusion: Long jumpers contain a large percentage of active muscle mass that integrates and generates motor explosive abilities for the success of long jumpers, primarily strength and speed, which is confirmed by the results of the study. However, a good jump technique is also necessary, but with optimal body weight, because any increase in weight has a negative effect on the length of the long jump.

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