Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health

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Workload Ratio Assessment in Football: Evaluating Simple and Exponential Moving Averages
(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2024)
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Sejkeroski Mihailo
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Nuno André Nunes
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Soklevska, Ilievski, Elena
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Introduction: To identify the optimal technique for examining time series data related to the Acute Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR), correlations between the Simple Moving Average (SMA) and the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) were investigated in this study utilising a decay factor (λ) over a period of 7/28 days. Five GPS metrics were included in our analysis: Total Distance, Accelerations, Decelerations, High Metabolic Load Distance, and Distance in Speed Zones 3+4+5 (>19,9 km/h). These data points were collected from 22 players across 47 days, excluding the first 28 days, for a total of 596 data points per pair [SMA/EWMA]. Methods: Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests were performed on the SMA and EWMA datasets prior to using the Spearman, Kendall Tau, and Distance Correlation techniques to assess correlations and dependencies between pairings. Using Python and libraries including Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, SciPy, Scikit-Learn, Statsmodels, OpenPyXL, Dcor, and IPython.display, the analysis was carried out in Anaconda's Jupyter Notebook. Results and Discussion: Significant departures from the normal distribution were shown by normality tests (p<0.05 for most of the variables). With p-values of 0.00, Spearman analysis showed significant correlations for every pair of variables, ranging from moderate (0.46) to somewhat weak (0.23). Additionally, Kendall's Tau revealed statistically significant correlations (p=0.00) across strengths, ranging from moderate (0.32) to weak (0.16). With values ranging from 0.25 to 0.44, Distance Correlation showed significant connections (p<0.00), while Energy Distance values displayed a range of discrepancies. Interestingly, EWMA frequently displayed values that were marginally lower than SMA, highlighting a significance level of p=0.00. Conclusion: The results show continuous trends and modest to moderate positive correlations between the variables under study. Both SMA and EWMA can be used with the help of distance correlation. EWMA is typically chosen for responsive trend analysis and offering a realistic representation of current conditions in ACWR monitoring due to its emphasis on recent data. The decision between SMA and EWMA, however, may change depending on the coaching needs; in this study, EWMA approaches produced somewhat lower scores than SMA.
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Effects of six-week concurrent fitness training for speed and explosive power in football players
(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2023)
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The study included total of 15 participants (average age of 17 [± 0.5] [SD +/-] years), within 3 groups ((G1) N=5, (G2) N=5, and (G3) N=5). G1 performed power exercises (traditional set – with break between sets) (~75-80% 1RМ). G2 performed exercises for acceleration/speed and plyometrics (traditional set – with break between sets). G3 performed exercises for speed / plyometrics / strength with contrast method (supersets- no break between sets). The trainings for all 3 groups were concurrent trainings, followed by regular football training, on the same day. To follow the effect of the program, the participants were tested in 2 tests, maximal speed at 30 meters -[30m] and maximal standing long jump –[Jump]. Friedman Anova (and Post Hoc Frieadman-Nemenyi -Q test) was performed for each group between 3 test points, as well as Kruskal-Wallis Anova for the comparison of differences between groups. The effect size with 90 % CL was evaluated according Field, A. (2017). The G1 group, had no effect on improving the speed (30 m sprint test) in football players (p = 0.07). For G2 group (speed + plyometrics) and G3 (strength + speed + plyometrics), 9 trainings were sufficient to significantly improve the speed (p = 0.01) Only 6 trainings made significant (p = 0.03) transformation of participants explosive strength, in the G2 group. The training of strength (G1) and strength + speed + plyometrics (G3) had a significant transformation (p = 0.01) on explosive strength after 9 supplemental trainings.
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Integrative Proposals of Sports Monitoring: Subjective Outperforms Objective Monitoring
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022-03-26)
Montull, Lluc
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Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė, Agne
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Kiely, John
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Balagué, Natàlia
Current trends in sports monitoring are characterized by the massive collection of tech-based biomechanical, physiological and performance data, integrated through mathematical algorithms. However, the application of algorithms, predicated on mechanistic assumptions of how athletes operate, cannot capture, assess and adequately promote athletes' health and performance. The objective of this paper is to reorient the current integrative proposals of sports monitoring by re-conceptualizing athletes as complex adaptive systems (CAS). CAS contain higher-order perceptual units that provide continuous and multilevel integrated information about performer-environment interactions. Such integrative properties offer exceptional possibilities of subjective monitoring for outperforming any objective monitoring system. Future research should investigate how to enhance this human potential to contribute further to athletes' health and performance. This line of argument is not intended to advocate for the elimination of objective assessments, but to highlight the integrative possibilities of subjective monitoring.
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Network Physiology of Exercise: Beyond Molecular and Omics Perspectives
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022-09-23)
Balagué, Natàlia
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Almarcha, Maricarmen
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Garcia-Retortillo, Sergi
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Ivanov, Plamen Ch
Molecular Exercise Physiology and Omics approaches represent an important step toward synthesis and integration, the original essence of Physiology. Despite the significant progress they have introduced in Exercise Physiology (EP), some of their theoretical and methodological assumptions are still limiting the understanding of the complexity of sport-related phenomena. Based on general principles of biological evolution and supported by complex network science, this paper aims to contrast theoretical and methodological aspects of molecular and network-based approaches to EP. After explaining the main EP challenges and why sport-related phenomena cannot be understood if reduced to the molecular level, the paper proposes some methodological research advances related to the type of studied variables and measures, the data acquisition techniques, the type of data analysis and the assumed relations among physiological levels. Inspired by Network Physiology, Network Physiology of Exercise provides a new paradigm and formalism to quantify cross-communication among diverse systems across levels and time scales to improve our understanding of exercise-related phenomena and opens new horizons for exercise testing in health and disease.
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Embodied transfer of knowledge using dynamic systems concepts in high school: A preliminary study
(Elsevier BV, 2022-08)
Almarcha, M C
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Martínez, P
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Balagué, N
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Hristovski, R
The transfer of knowledge among academic subjects and linking different phenomena are crucial education competencies in Bloom's taxonomy of learning goals. From another side, modern cognitive science defines cognition and learning as embodied. The Synthetic Understanding through Movement Analogies (SUMA) educational framework proposes embodied learning of general scientific principles and concepts and knowledge transfer among academic disciplines encompassing sciences, humanities and arts. Accordingly, this research aimed to evaluate the educational potential of teaching a set of Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) concepts through body movement experiences in first-grade high school students. Five classes of high school students (n = 71; 23 girls, 46 boys and 2 non-binaries, aged 12-13 y.) followed a four-week intervention addressed to teaching five DST concepts (order parameter, stability, control parameter, instability and phase transition) and transfer them to biological and social phenomena. Students followed four teaching phases: a) embodied experience, b) reflective observation of the experience, c) abstract conceptualization of the experience using the five general concepts, d) transfer of knowledge through the concepts to different phenomena from biological and social science academic subjects. Students' integration and transfer of knowledge abilities were evaluated pre- and post-intervention through a questionnaire and three open-ended questions. Results were compared using non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs test and effect sizes were calculated through PS dep measures. Students' abilities to integrate and transfer knowledge increased post-intervention (Z = 7.322, p < 0.0001, PSdep = 1). The effect of the intervention points to the potential of teaching general DST concepts through body movement experiences in high school students for achieving the goals of an embodied and unificatory transdisciplinary education.
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EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH, ARM SWING JUMP CONTRIBUTION AND ECCENTRIC UTILIZATION RATIO IN YOUTH AND JUNIOR FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
(Faculty of physical education sport and health, Skopje, 2022)
Vasileva, Fidanka, Misovski, Andrijana, Milenkoski, Josko, Georgiev, Georgi, Aceski, Aleksandar, Vasilev, Angjel
Vertical jumps are a defying predictor of performance in sports that require explosive action. Objectives of the present study are: 1) to evaluate anthropometric characteristics (height, body mass and BMI), explosive strength (squat jump, countermovement jump and countermovement jump with an arm-swing) and kinematic parameters (the arm swing jump contribution and the eccentric utilization ratio) in female volleyball players; and 2) to compare assessed parameters between youth and junior players. Thirty participants, players that are part of Macedonian Youth (N=15) and Junior (N=15) National Teams, aged 13-18 years, were included in the study. Anthropometric characteristics were measured according to the WorldHealth Organization manual, explosive strength was assessed with the Optojump system, and kinematic parameters were calculated as proposed by Abdel-Rahman (2013). SPSS 23 statistical package was used to perform statistical analysis. Normality of data distribution was tested by K-S test, Skewness and Kurtosis values. Appropriate statistical methods were used to calculate descriptive statistical parameters, and t-test was applied to determine the significance of the difference between youth and junior players. In addition, Cohen’s d was applied to calculate the effect size. No statistically significant differences were found between youth and junior players in parameters assessed. Coaches should take in consideration anthropometric and morphological characteristics of the players during the selection process, and work more in a direction of motor abilities development and improvement of technical skills, especially in pioneer and youth categories, instead of putting the main emphasis on player specialization at early age.
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LONG JUMP: THE ARE BODY HEIGHT AND BODY WEIGHT GOOD PREDICTORS OF PERFORMANCE IN ELITE JUMPERS?
(Slovak Journal of Sport Science, 2022-12)
RATKO PAVLOVIĆ
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ZHANNETA KOZINA
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Background: Long jump are cyclic-acyclic movements of maximum intensity. It is a discipline that combines speed and jump in technique, that is, the speed-strength properties of competitors. Speed, agility and explosiveness are of special importance in jumpers. The main goal of the research is to determine the influence of Body height (BH) and Body weight (BW) with the best achieved results of Long jump. Material and methods: In study included 21 top male jumpers (BH=184.19±4.68cm; BW=78.86±6.81kg). Their achieved best results were analyzed. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between body height and body weight and the results of long jumpers. Univariate model of regression analysis was applied and the relevant coefficients were calculated. The level of acceptance of statistical significance was set to p<0.05. Results: Simple regression analysis did not show a statistically significant effect of Body height on the results in the long jump (BH vs. Long jump R=0.183; p>0.05), while Body weight confirmed a significant inverse relationship with the results of the jump (BW vs. Long jump R= - 0.442; p<0.05). Conclusion: Long jumpers contain a large percentage of active muscle mass that integrates and generates motor explosive abilities for the success of long jumpers, primarily strength and speed, which is confirmed by the results of the study. However, a good jump technique is also necessary, but with optimal body weight, because any increase in weight has a negative effect on the length of the long jump.
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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH: THE BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
(European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2022-12)
Ratko Pavlović
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Sid Solaković
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Ljubo Milićević
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Nikola Radulović
Public health of people and individuals is the most important resource in the modern world. The sugar epidemic and cardiovascular diseases are linked to the obesity epidemic. As obesity appears at younger and younger ages, it is to be expected that the proportion of people who have been obese for the number of years will increase and that those practicing a "sedentary lifestyle" will move less and less. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) and cardiovascular diseases (CD) are among the top ten causes of death in the world. It is observed that the association between DMT2 and CD risk is not the same for both sexes, with the cardiovascular risk associated with DMT2 being greater in women. Among the different strategies for the prevention and treatment of DMT2 and risk factors for CD, physical exercise has been largely recommended because of its positive effects on glycemic control, body mass, blood pressure, and lipid profile. A higher level of daily physical activity significantly reduces the risk of contracting numerous diseases such as: diabetes, diseases of the heart and blood vessels, certain forms of malignant diseases, obesity, asthma, osteoporosis and others.
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THE IMPACT AND DIFFERENCES OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR SKILLS IN TWO GENERATION STUDENTS IN THE ATHLETIC DISCIPLINE – RUNNING 1500m.
(Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Skopje, 2022-06)
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Ratko Pavlović
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Jana Karshakovska-Dimitrioska
Anthropometric characteristic and motor skills, are very important in the result of the athletic discipline – 1500m. The aim of this research was to determine the impact and differences in morphological characteristics and motor skills in athletic discipline 1500m., at both generations of students at the Faculty of Physical Education, Sports and Health. In a sample of 100 respondents, consisted of full-time second year students at the age of 20 years with ± of 6 months at the Faculty of Physical Education Sport and Health in Skopje. divided into two groups 50 respondents in both generations surveyed - 2016 and 2018, research has been done. Methods: In our research for assessment of the morphological structure of the respondents, 12 morphological variables were used, and 5 motor variables for assessment of psychomotor abilities. The athletic discipline – 1500m. is used as a criterion variable. Results: From the obtained results of the regression analysis, we noticed that the morphological variables have a significant impact on the criterion variable - 1500m. only in the first group of participants - 2016 generation (Q=.007). Regarding the motor skills that were the subject of analysis in our research, we found that all five motor variables used as a test to test their abilities have a significant impact as a system on the criterion variable – 1500m. (Q=.000). According to the multivariate (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) of the results of both groups of entities, we noticed that both groups of respondents differ in their morphological characteristics and biomotor abilities (Q=.000). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the applied research procedure, we came to the conclusion that the morphological structure of the respondents has a significant role in achieving greater heigth in аthletic discipline – 1500m.. In terms of motor skills, we came to the conclusion that students should use the motor tests that were used in the research in the preparation phase, in order to be able to successfully meet the norm and achieve better results in the discipline – 1500m. The differences between the respondents would be smaller if they pay more attention to the preparation for the fulfillment of the norm in this athletic discipline.
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MACROSTRUCTURAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIVERSE-SPECIALIZED TRAINING TOOLS FOR CLASSIC MOUNTAIN RUNNING IN A MODEL OF PREPARATION FOR “UP AND DOWN HILL” VARIANT
(2022-12)
Kostadin Kisyov
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Apostol Slavchev
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Ivan Slavchev
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Ratko Pavlovic
The diverse-specialized training tools are an irrevocable part of the training program of mountain runners. Those tools are used for the development of the sub-factors from the first level „Specific endurance“ and „Specific speed“. The research aims to establish a basic model of the diverse-specialized training tools volume, by weeks in the macrostructure for training aimed at classical mountain running in variant - "Up and Downhill". Methods: а) research of the weekly volume of the training tools within the framework of the separate mezo-cycles in the macrostructure and b) variation analysis of the data received from the training tools explored.

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