Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health
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Item type:Publication, Workload Ratio Assessment in Football: Evaluating Simple and Exponential Moving Averages(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2024); - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Navigating the Dynamics of Speed in Football: Insights into Training, Genetics, and Developmental Strategies(Kondicija, 2024); ; Fast movements are integral to speed as a human motor ability, and in the context of football, speed is considered a dominant ability. The manifestation of speed by elite players manifests a consistent upward trend over time. Although the existing literature lacks definitive data, the hereditary nature of this ability is frequently cited as a dominant factor in speed improvement. Crucial to enhancing speed is the implementation of training during the sensitive periods of children's development. Emphasis should be placed on developing the latent time of motor reactions, intricately tied to the central nervous system's maturation. Additionally, it is imperative to consider the energy component, with a focus on optimizing creatine phosphate stores (CP) when designing speed transformation training. During speed training sessions, it is advisable to limit the number of fast movements to a maximum of 30-40 repetitions, each lasting 5-10 seconds, with consideration for CP stores. Morning training sessions are recommended due to the heightened efficiency of the central nervous system, a crucial system responsible for delivering information that triggers muscle contractions. While sprinting (fast running) is a fundamental exercise from a methodological standpoint, a holistic approach should be adopted, incorporating various equipment such as ladders, and different methods including changes of direction. Genetic predictions of muscle fiber types in the human body are determined through the ACTN3 gene, specifically the mutation of the R577X allele. This mutation is regarded as a factor in determining the hereditary component of speed. However, the inclusion of genetic factors in the success of speed transformation is a complex matter. The primary focus for speed development should be in childhood. Young players should enhance this ability through various aspects of the game, extending beyond isolated training with quick movements. Such a holistic approach contributes not only to the overall development of young players but also fosters a passion for football, encouraging a lifelong engagement with the sport. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, External load in football- based on GPS metrics(Kondicija, 2023); - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Effects of six-week concurrent fitness training for speed and explosive power in football players(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2023); ; The study included total of 15 participants (average age of 17 [± 0.5] [SD +/-] years), within 3 groups ((G1) N=5, (G2) N=5, and (G3) N=5). G1 performed power exercises (traditional set – with break between sets) (~75-80% 1RМ). G2 performed exercises for acceleration/speed and plyometrics (traditional set – with break between sets). G3 performed exercises for speed / plyometrics / strength with contrast method (supersets- no break between sets). The trainings for all 3 groups were concurrent trainings, followed by regular football training, on the same day. To follow the effect of the program, the participants were tested in 2 tests, maximal speed at 30 meters -[30m] and maximal standing long jump –[Jump]. Friedman Anova (and Post Hoc Frieadman-Nemenyi -Q test) was performed for each group between 3 test points, as well as Kruskal-Wallis Anova for the comparison of differences between groups. The effect size with 90 % CL was evaluated according Field, A. (2017). The G1 group, had no effect on improving the speed (30 m sprint test) in football players (p = 0.07). For G2 group (speed + plyometrics) and G3 (strength + speed + plyometrics), 9 trainings were sufficient to significantly improve the speed (p = 0.01) Only 6 trainings made significant (p = 0.03) transformation of participants explosive strength, in the G2 group. The training of strength (G1) and strength + speed + plyometrics (G3) had a significant transformation (p = 0.01) on explosive strength after 9 supplemental trainings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, CERTAIN RELATIONS BETWEEN MOTORCYCLE TESTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH THE MEASURES OF THE SUCCESSFUL PERFOMANCE OF THE GYMNASTIC ELEMENT UPRISE FORWARD TO SUPPORT L-SIT ON RINGS(Faculty of Physical Education, Sports and Health, Sc.Cyril and Methodius University,Skopje, Macedonia, 2023-01); For achieving the objectives of this research, a research procedure was conducted on a sample of 68 respondents, male students from the first year at the age of 18 years +/- 6 m. at the Faculty of Physical Education, Sports and Health in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. A total of 20 manifest motor variables were applied to the selected sample of respondents, of which twelve (12) for assessment of coordination (coordination of whole body, coordination of legs, coordination of rapid complex movements and reorganization of dynamic stereotype), as well as eight (8) explosive power assessment tests (type of jumps and type of ejection). The evaluation of the technical performance of the gymnastic element uprise forward to support L-sit of the gymnastic equipment rings was performed by 4 qualified judges who are well acquainted with the subject of evaluation. A regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between motor tests to assess coordination of separate body parts and the explosive strength type of jumps and ejection. In the regression analyzes, the tests of coordination and explosive strength were used as a predictor, and the gymnastic element uprise forward to support L-sit of the circles was taken as a criterion. The predictors showed a statistically significant impact on the criterion. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, SELF-ASSESSMENT AMONG SKI INSTRUCTORS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF BASIC ALPINE SKIING SKILLS(Science and Research Centre Koper, Slovenia, 2020); ; ; ; Kiril, NaskovSki instructors need to have adequate knowledge and skills in assessing sports techniques as a condition for successful intervention that will lead to improved performance. The purpose of this research was to assess how instructors with different levels of performance evaluate their skiing skills. A total of 58 Instructor candidates were rated with a score of 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest) by Examination Board in 7 elements of basic alpine skiing technique: Gliding straight (basic position), Wedge swinging, Wedge curves, Basic turn, Basic swinging, Wide corridor and Narrow corridor. After the practical exam, all candidates completed a self-assessment form on the same scale of 1 to 5 for each individual skiing element. The average practical grade of all seven skiing techniques, awarded by the Examination Board, was taken as a criterion for grouping. Three groups of high, intermediate and low skiing level were defined. The high performance group consisted of a total of 16 candidates with an average grade above 4. The mid-level group consisted of 26 candidates with an average grade between 3 and 4, while the low-performance group comprised 16 candidates with an average grade below 3. The results obtained from the Examination Board and the Self-Assessment were compared to determine the degree of coincidence expressed as a percentage difference between these two scores. From the results obtained, there is an evident difference in the objectivity of the self-assessment between groups. The high performance group showed the smallest percentage difference (9.79%) in the scores obtained by the Examination Board and the Selfassessment.The mid-level group showed a percentage difference between the two scores of 21.95% and the low-performance group of 54.04%. The high-performance group was recorded also by several individuals who underestimated their performances, which is not the case with the other two groups. There is a significant overrated self perception in the intermediate group and especially in the low skills group. The conclusion is that the higher level of performance increases the degree of objectivity of self-assessment. This rate of self-estimation and awareness of body position is probably due to the higher skiing experience of the candidates with the highest level of performance. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Influence of an adapted functional football training in improving the specific-motor performances of football players(Faculty of physical education sport and health, 2020-06); ; ; The research is was conducted on a sample of 40 football players at the age from 17 to 35 years with the basic aim to establish quantitative transformation changes of the tests for assessing the specific-motoric abilities under the influence of an adapted functional football training with top football players who play different positions in the team. For completing the goals, there were applied six tests of assessing the specific-motoric abilities as follows: zigzag running without a ball (CIK_CAK), zigzag running with a ball (CIK_CAK_T), Ajax test 5 x 10 meters without a ball (AJAKS), AJAX test 5 x 10 meters with a ball (AJAKS_T), Illinois test without a ball (ILINOIS), Illinois test with a ball (ILINOIS_T). The experimental program was being applied during six working weeks with four trainings each week. Trainings were applied with a circular method of work, and the respondents were placed in stations, divided into groups, each of two players. The research results suggest that the six-week experimental training program of an adapted functional football training had a positive effect in improving the average results with the six tests. On the base of the numerical values of arithmetic means and rated differences, it can be concluded that within a six-week period the entire sample of respondents marked improvement with the tests: zigzag running without a ball (CIK_CAK), Ajax test 5 x 10 meters without a ball (AJAKS), Ajax test 5 x 10 meters with a ball (AJAKS_T), Illinois test without a ball (ILINOIS). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, COMPARISON OF CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE STRENGTH POTENTIAL OF ELBOW FLEXORS AND EXTENSORS IN ADOLESCENTS FOLLOWING A SIX-WEEK PROGRAMMED EXERCISE WITH MODIFIED REPETITIVE MUSCLE LOADS(Faculty of physical education, 2012-12)The research analyses and compares the changes of the maximum strength potential, isokinetic parameters and measures for anthropometric indicators realised in accordance with standard methods and echo sonography, between flexor muscles and extensor muscles, as well as the genetic predisposition for strength capacity development of the subjects. The experimental procedure included 21 subjects, divided into 3 experimental groups, pilot research homogenised. Individually focused programme for maximum strength capacity was realised, through exercises on Scott bench for the elbow flexor and extensor muscles during a 6-week period. The first group worked in a classic method, loading the muscle tissue along the entire elbow amplitude. The second group worked in an elbow reduced contractions methods in conditions when the muscle tissue exhibits maximum load. The third group also worked in a reduced contractions method, but in conditions when the muscle tissue can endure maximal external load. Statistical analysis showed positive effects of the experimental programme for transformation of the maximal strength capacity for both muscle parties in the three experimental groups. Data obtained from the three control points speak of similar tendency of the three experimental groups, although the subjects carried out different tasks. The elbow flexor and extensor muscle groups endured similar strength capacities transformation. The hypothesis on the association of strength capacities with the ACTN3 genotype was not confirmed from the muscle tissue genetic dominance analysis. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Comparison of changes in the muscle strength potential of elbow flexors and extensors in adolescents following a six-week programmed exercise with modified repetitive muscle loads(Faculty for Physical Culture, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, 2012)The research analyses and compares the changes of the maximum strength potential, isokinetic parameters and measures for anthropometric indicators realised in accordance with standard methods and echo sonography, between flexor muscles and extensor muscles, as well as the genetic predisposition for strength capacity development of the subjects. The experimental procedure included 21 subjects, divided into 3 experimental groups, pilot research homogenised. Individually focused programme for maximum strength capacity was realised, through exercises on Scott bench for the elbow flexor and extensor muscles during a 6-week period. The first group worked in a classic method, loading the muscle tissue along the entire elbow amplitude. The second group worked in an elbow reduced contractions methods in conditions when the muscle tissue exhibits maximum load. The third group also worked in a reduced contractions method, but in conditions when the muscle tissue can endure maximal external load. Statistical analysis showed positive effects of the experimental programme for transformation of the maximal strength capacity for both muscle parties in the three experimental groups. Data obtained from the three control points speak of similar tendency of the three experimental groups, although the subjects carried out different tasks. The elbow flexor and extensor muscle groups endured similar strength capacities transformation. The hypothesis on the association of strength capacities with the ACTN3 genotype was not confirmed from the muscle tissue genetic dominance analysis. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ACTN3 association on maximal muscle power, after 6 weeks of power training(Faculty of physical education sport and health, 2021-06); ; ; The research tried to discover/find out [1] whether the success of transformation of max muscle power will be just because of the training sessions? Or perhaps [2] the genetic potential of examinees will be important to make bigger and faster transformation of max muscular power. The experimental program was applied within (N) 21 examinees, age of 18-20 years, non-athlete population, for a period of 6 weeks. The programme included exercises for transformation of the maximal strength component of the flexors and extensors muscles on the elbow of the examinees' non-dominant arm (load- 90-95% of one repetition maximum). Three tests for one repetition maximum (flexion+ extension) were performed (program start, 3th and 6th week). Mutation of ACTN3 genotype allele, of the examinees, were analysed, according to establish three types of examinees: (type I) slow-oxidative - XX type/group, (type IIA) fast oxidative/glycolytic RX type/group and (type IIB) fast glycolytic -RR type/group. The three groups of examinees (XX, RR, XR) do not differ in terms of the achievements of one repetition maximum (flexors/extensors) after 3th and after 6th week. The genetic predisposition of the muscle tissue for strength capacities is not always decisive for the transformation of the maximal strength abilities.