Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health

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Health-Related Physical Fitness is Associated with Total and Central Body Fat in Children Aged 6 to 10 Years
(LLC OVS, 2022-11-30)
Gjonbalaj, Malsor
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Morina, Besnik
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>Study purpose. This study purpose was to investigate whether health-related physical fitness is associated with total and central body fat in school children aged 6–10 years. Materials and methods. A total of 2197 Macedonian children aged 6–10 years (1096 boys and 1101 girls) participated in the study. Health-related physical fitness was measured by the modified EUROFIT test battery: the 20 m shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness); the handgrip strength test, the standing long jump and the 30 s sit-ups tests (muscular strength); the 4×10 m shuttle run test (motor fitness) and the sit and reach test (flexibility). Body mass index, body fat percentage and waist circumference were used as markers of total and central body fat, respectively. Results. The standing long jump, the 30 s sit-ups, the 4×10 m shuttle run and the 20 m shuttle run tests were negatively associated with all markers of total and central body fat in boys and girls after controlling for age (p<0.01). The handgrip strength test was positively associated with all markers of total and central body fat (p<0.01). No statistically significant correlation was established between the markers of total and central body fat and the sit and reach test. Conclusions. The present study broadens previous findings in children and adolescents which demonstrate correlations between the health-related physical fitness components, chiefly the muscle strength, the agility and cardiorespiratory fitness and total central adiposity. Fitness assessment should be introduced in future epidemiological and intervention studies in school children because it seems to be an important factor determining health.</jats:p>
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Fitness Influence on the Transformation of Body Composition and on the Improvement of Aerobic Sustainability in Women
("St. Cyril and St. Methodius" University of Veliko Tarnovo, 2022-06-29)
Myrtaj, Nazim
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Elezi, Abdulla
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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Bilalli, Eglantina
<jats:p>The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of a specialised two-month fitness programme with strength exercises on the body composition and aerobic endurance in recreational women. The research included a group of women aged 18–35 who had not previously been engaged in recreational exercises in fitness centres. The sample included 50 women who exercised at the Fivestar fitness centre in Gjilan, and who underwent the abovementioned programme. The composition of the body was evaluated using a Tanita BC-601 device and the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which was conducted as a reference method in the research related to the analysis of body composition. For this research, the following variables of body composition and aerobic endurance were applied: body height (BH), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), muscle mass (TBM), bone mass or density (BMD), calorie expenditure (DCI), body vitality (BMR), body water intake (TBW), visceral fat intake (AVF), and the Rockport fitness test for aerobic endurance (ROFT). For the dependent group, the T-test analysis was applied through statistical methods. The results obtained after statistical processing showed that, in relation to the two-month programme three times a week (24 trainings), physical exercises in the fitness can affect the reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue, and thus reduce the risk of various cardiovascular diseases. In addition to reducing fat mass with strength exercises in the fitness, there was also an improvement in aerobic endurance. This shows that, besides aerobic exercise, weight training should be applied to increase aerobic capacity.</jats:p>
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Influence of Social Support and Residential Area Quality on the Physical Activity of Adolescents from the Republic of Kosovo
("St. Cyril and St. Methodius" University of Veliko Tarnovo, 2022-06-29)
Zeqiri, Linda
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Gontarev, Seryozha
<jats:p>This research was conducted on a sample of 399 respondents from Pristina. The aim was to determine if there were differences between the male and female respondents with different levels of physical activity with regard to social support from their parents and friends, the number of friends who take exercise, as well as the quality of their residential area. The sample was defined as one group and it was divided into two subsamples: 206 male respondents (schoolboys) and 193 female respondents (schoolgirls) aged from 11 to 14 (schoolchildren from the 6th to the 9th grade). They were selected from several schools in the city of Pristina. On the basis of the results obtained after applying the proper statistical methods, it was concluded that the male and female respondents, who were classified as “high active”, received greater social support from their friends and parents, had a greater number of exercising friends, perceived their residential area as a safe place for physical activity, and thought there were sports grounds and buildings where they could be physically active and engage in sports.</jats:p>
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ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS LEVEL IN RELATION TO BODY WEIGHT STATUS IN SIX-YEAR-OLD MACEDONIAN CHILDREN
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2022)
Emini, Bejtulla
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Saiti, Agon
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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Baftiu, Sedat
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Cemena, Yllka
Background: Macedonian children show the same tendencies in excess weight and obesity as children in developed countries a decade ago. Childhood excess weight is associated with chronic diseases, early mortality in adulthood, and psycho-social effects with lifelong consequences. The purpose of this study is to describe the anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of Macedonian children and to examine whether weight status influences children’s performance on fitness tests. Methods: A total of 353 preschool children (154 boys; 199 girls; 6.73 ± 0.48 years) participated in our study. Anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index –BMI, WC, and body composition) and fitness tests (sit and reach test, handgrip strength test, standing broad jump test, sit-ups 30 sec., shuttle run 4 х 10 meters and 20 m shuttle run test) were assessed by trained physical education teachers, respectively. International cut-off points were used to categorize children into normal weight, overweight or obese categories. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age as a confounder. Results: The percentage of overweight and obese children, classified according to the BMI (Cole et al.), is equal to 34% of the Macedonian children of the same age. Significant differences were discovered in the anthropometry and fitness tests between boys and girls. Boys who were classified as overweight/obese show poorer results in the following fitness tests: standing long jump, sit-ups for 30 seconds, running 20 meters with a progressive increase in speed (sections passed) and maximal oxygen uptake, and better results in the fitness test handgrip strength. Girls classified as overweight/obese show poorer results in the following fitness tests: standing broad jump, sit-ups 30 seconds, shuttle run 4 x 10 meters, running 20 meters with a progressive increase in speed (sections passed) and maximal oxygen uptake and better results in the fitness tests handgrip strength and sit and reach. Conclusions: Health-enhancing physical fitness of young children is negatively affected by excess weight and obesity, and intervention strategies are recommended to improve the quality of life of such children but also to prevent early mortality during adulthood.
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Secular Trends in Anthropometric Characteristics and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Macedonian Children: the Makfit Studies
(LLC OVS, 2021-03-25)
Elezi, Abdulla
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Elezi, Gresa
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to analyze the secular trends in anthropometric characteristics and health-related physical fitness (i.e., flexibility, muscular strength and speed/agility) in Macedonian children between 2012 and 2019. Materials and methods. We analyzed the secular trends in anthropometric characteristics and health-related physical fitness in Macedonian children between 2012 and 2019. Two representative population studies were conducted 7 years apart in children (6-10 years) from Skopje (Mаcedonia). Both studies used the same anthropometric measures and tests to assess physical fitness: height, weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, muscle mass percentage, sit and reach, handgrip strength, standing long jump, 30 sec sit ups, and 4 × 10 m shuttle run. Result. The boys and girls measured in 2019 had significantly better performance in the sit and reach (Cohen’s d ~0.4 and ~0.5, respectively), 30 sec sit ups (Cohen’s d ~0.3 and ~0.2, respectively), and 4 × 10 m shuttle run (Cohen’s d ~0.7 and ~0.8, respectively) tests compared to those measured in 2012–2013. Levels of the standing long jump were significantly lower in 2019 in boys and girls (Cohen’s d ~0.6 for both). Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that Macedonian children measured in 2019 have higher levels of flexibility, abdominal muscle strength and coordination, speed and agility, but lower levels of explosive force of the lower limbs than their counterparts measured. 7 years ago, no statistically significant differences were found in anthropometric measures and measures of body weight.</jats:p>
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AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN A 10 × 4 M SHUTTLE RUN TEST FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AGED 6 TO 10
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2022)
Emini, Bejtulla
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Saiti, Agon
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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Baftiu, Sedat
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Cemena, Yllka
The performance level of young people is often used to define their well-being. In fact, several studies observing correlations between health conditions (e.g. obesity and growth) have been combined. In Macedonia, there is lack of research in defining the physical fitness level of children and adolescents. A total of 4162 Macedonian children aged 6–14 (2103 boys) participated in the study. We assessed motor fitness by means of the 4 × 10 m shuttle run test. The results were processed using statistical parametric methods of relevance. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that boys, unlike girls, in all age categories show better results in the 4 × 10 m shuttle run test, and these differences are most pronounced at the age of 14. The trend of the curve indicates a continuous moderate improvement of the result of the test, “shuttle run 10 x 4 meters” with the increase of age in both sexes. Critical performance suggests improvement in PE lessons both from a qualitative and a quantitative point of view.
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Gender Differences in Absolute and Relative Values of Hand Dynamometer Test with 9 and 10-Year Old Children From the Skopje Region in R.N. Macedonia
(LLC OVS, 2021-06-25)
Elezi, Abdulla
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Elezi, Gresa
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>Background. Handgrip strength test is applied both to adults and children to indicate muscular fitness as well as the nutritional and health status. It differs in adults and adolescents depending on the gender. However, it is not clear whether a difference exists also in children at 9 to 10 years of age, and what are the factors that influence it. The goal of the research was to determine the absolute and relative values of the hand dynamometer test with healthy Macedonian boys and girls aged 9 and 10 from the Skopje region as well as to determine the factors that affect the handgrip strength at that age. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on a sample of 775 children (boys n = 386; girls n = 389), whereby the following characteristics were measured: handgrip strength, weight, height, body fat percentage, muscle mass percentage and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The maximum handgrip strength was measured with a digital Takei TKK 5101 dynamometer. Results. The research found that there are statistically significant differences in the absolute values obtained in the hand dynamometer test between healthy boys and girls in Macedonia at 9 and 10 years of age. On the basis of the results obtained from the research, one can conclude that the results of the hand dynamometer test are affected by age, gender and body composition. Conclusion. Based on the increasing predominance of children’s obesity, the present study can provide clinicians and researchers with an insight how body composition influences muscular fitness, and can serve policy-makers to develop gender-specific strategies about body-weight management and promotion of muscular performance among children and adolescents.</jats:p>
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THE EFFECT OF CYCLIC AEROBIC ACTIVITY ON SOME BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS IN WOMEN 19-30 YEARS OLD
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2021)
Kusari, Nertila
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Shukova Stojmanovska, Daniela
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Elezi, Abdula
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS LEVEL IN RELATION TO BODY WEIGHT STATUS IN SIX-YEAR-OLD MACEDONIAN CHILDREN
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2022)
Emini, Bejtulla
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Saiti, Agon
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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Baftiu, Sedat
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Cemena, Yllka
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IMPACT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ON ADOLESCENTS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2022)
Zeqiri, Linda
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Gontarev, Seryozha

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