Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health
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Item type:Publication, Workload Ratio Assessment in Football: Evaluating Simple and Exponential Moving Averages(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2024); - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Navigating the Dynamics of Speed in Football: Insights into Training, Genetics, and Developmental Strategies(Kondicija, 2024); ; Fast movements are integral to speed as a human motor ability, and in the context of football, speed is considered a dominant ability. The manifestation of speed by elite players manifests a consistent upward trend over time. Although the existing literature lacks definitive data, the hereditary nature of this ability is frequently cited as a dominant factor in speed improvement. Crucial to enhancing speed is the implementation of training during the sensitive periods of children's development. Emphasis should be placed on developing the latent time of motor reactions, intricately tied to the central nervous system's maturation. Additionally, it is imperative to consider the energy component, with a focus on optimizing creatine phosphate stores (CP) when designing speed transformation training. During speed training sessions, it is advisable to limit the number of fast movements to a maximum of 30-40 repetitions, each lasting 5-10 seconds, with consideration for CP stores. Morning training sessions are recommended due to the heightened efficiency of the central nervous system, a crucial system responsible for delivering information that triggers muscle contractions. While sprinting (fast running) is a fundamental exercise from a methodological standpoint, a holistic approach should be adopted, incorporating various equipment such as ladders, and different methods including changes of direction. Genetic predictions of muscle fiber types in the human body are determined through the ACTN3 gene, specifically the mutation of the R577X allele. This mutation is regarded as a factor in determining the hereditary component of speed. However, the inclusion of genetic factors in the success of speed transformation is a complex matter. The primary focus for speed development should be in childhood. Young players should enhance this ability through various aspects of the game, extending beyond isolated training with quick movements. Such a holistic approach contributes not only to the overall development of young players but also fosters a passion for football, encouraging a lifelong engagement with the sport. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, External load in football- based on GPS metrics(Kondicija, 2023); - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Effects of six-week concurrent fitness training for speed and explosive power in football players(Research in Physical Education, Sport and Health, 2023); ; The study included total of 15 participants (average age of 17 [± 0.5] [SD +/-] years), within 3 groups ((G1) N=5, (G2) N=5, and (G3) N=5). G1 performed power exercises (traditional set – with break between sets) (~75-80% 1RМ). G2 performed exercises for acceleration/speed and plyometrics (traditional set – with break between sets). G3 performed exercises for speed / plyometrics / strength with contrast method (supersets- no break between sets). The trainings for all 3 groups were concurrent trainings, followed by regular football training, on the same day. To follow the effect of the program, the participants were tested in 2 tests, maximal speed at 30 meters -[30m] and maximal standing long jump –[Jump]. Friedman Anova (and Post Hoc Frieadman-Nemenyi -Q test) was performed for each group between 3 test points, as well as Kruskal-Wallis Anova for the comparison of differences between groups. The effect size with 90 % CL was evaluated according Field, A. (2017). The G1 group, had no effect on improving the speed (30 m sprint test) in football players (p = 0.07). For G2 group (speed + plyometrics) and G3 (strength + speed + plyometrics), 9 trainings were sufficient to significantly improve the speed (p = 0.01) Only 6 trainings made significant (p = 0.03) transformation of participants explosive strength, in the G2 group. The training of strength (G1) and strength + speed + plyometrics (G3) had a significant transformation (p = 0.01) on explosive strength after 9 supplemental trainings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, BIOMECHANICAL STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT LEVEL OF FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR SKILLS OF CHILDREN FROM 7 TO 10 YEARS(2013)The research covered a group of fundamental motor skills by defining their biomechanical status and development levels. We analyzed 12 basic motor skills, 6 of which are locomotor and 6 of manipulative type. Skills were analyzed with qualitative biomechanical analysis and then wеre applied appropriate algorithms and mathematical statistical programs for data processing in order to determine their biomechanical status. The research results show that the basic motor skills seen as a whole have expressed heterogeneous biomechanical characteristics. After applying the method of principal components to the results of the qualitative biomechanical analysis, 3 principal components were obtained, while applying the same method to the results of the development level assessment, 4 principal components were obtained. The development level assessment was carried out on 137 male subjects aged 7 to 10 years. Each performance of the subjects was recorded with a video camera and then the presence of performance criteria were registered through predefined qualitative -biomechanical patterns for performance in movement. The data shows that although there was a monotonous increasing trend in the average score in each skill, statistically significant difference was determined in 8 motor skills. Statistically significant difference was determined in the average total score of achievements in locomotor and manipulative skills. In each of the skills the most difficult and the easiest performance criteria were determined. The data indicates a low level of development of the fundamental motor skills that could be attributed to the interaction between the factors individual-environmenttask, especially emphasizing the influence of the environmental factor. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, SELF-ASSESSMENT AMONG SKI INSTRUCTORS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF BASIC ALPINE SKIING SKILLS(Science and Research Centre Koper, Slovenia, 2020); ; ; ; Kiril, NaskovSki instructors need to have adequate knowledge and skills in assessing sports techniques as a condition for successful intervention that will lead to improved performance. The purpose of this research was to assess how instructors with different levels of performance evaluate their skiing skills. A total of 58 Instructor candidates were rated with a score of 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest) by Examination Board in 7 elements of basic alpine skiing technique: Gliding straight (basic position), Wedge swinging, Wedge curves, Basic turn, Basic swinging, Wide corridor and Narrow corridor. After the practical exam, all candidates completed a self-assessment form on the same scale of 1 to 5 for each individual skiing element. The average practical grade of all seven skiing techniques, awarded by the Examination Board, was taken as a criterion for grouping. Three groups of high, intermediate and low skiing level were defined. The high performance group consisted of a total of 16 candidates with an average grade above 4. The mid-level group consisted of 26 candidates with an average grade between 3 and 4, while the low-performance group comprised 16 candidates with an average grade below 3. The results obtained from the Examination Board and the Self-Assessment were compared to determine the degree of coincidence expressed as a percentage difference between these two scores. From the results obtained, there is an evident difference in the objectivity of the self-assessment between groups. The high performance group showed the smallest percentage difference (9.79%) in the scores obtained by the Examination Board and the Selfassessment.The mid-level group showed a percentage difference between the two scores of 21.95% and the low-performance group of 54.04%. The high-performance group was recorded also by several individuals who underestimated their performances, which is not the case with the other two groups. There is a significant overrated self perception in the intermediate group and especially in the low skills group. The conclusion is that the higher level of performance increases the degree of objectivity of self-assessment. This rate of self-estimation and awareness of body position is probably due to the higher skiing experience of the candidates with the highest level of performance. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ACTN3 association on maximal muscle power, after 6 weeks of power training(Faculty of physical education sport and health, 2021-06); ; ; The research tried to discover/find out [1] whether the success of transformation of max muscle power will be just because of the training sessions? Or perhaps [2] the genetic potential of examinees will be important to make bigger and faster transformation of max muscular power. The experimental program was applied within (N) 21 examinees, age of 18-20 years, non-athlete population, for a period of 6 weeks. The programme included exercises for transformation of the maximal strength component of the flexors and extensors muscles on the elbow of the examinees' non-dominant arm (load- 90-95% of one repetition maximum). Three tests for one repetition maximum (flexion+ extension) were performed (program start, 3th and 6th week). Mutation of ACTN3 genotype allele, of the examinees, were analysed, according to establish three types of examinees: (type I) slow-oxidative - XX type/group, (type IIA) fast oxidative/glycolytic RX type/group and (type IIB) fast glycolytic -RR type/group. The three groups of examinees (XX, RR, XR) do not differ in terms of the achievements of one repetition maximum (flexors/extensors) after 3th and after 6th week. The genetic predisposition of the muscle tissue for strength capacities is not always decisive for the transformation of the maximal strength abilities. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Planning of microcycle in football- dosaging of the training load - #2(Faculty of physical education sport and health, 2021-06); ; ; Brazhanski OgnenIn the process of planning/ modeling training programs, repetitive training periods are used, in the form of cycles (weekly, monthly, annual). This is done in order for the coach to present clearly the idea for the training program, and also to allow the athlete's biorhythm to adapt to the competition’s cycles. When creating a training cycle in football, the components of the training such as intensity, volume, weekly training frequency as well as rest, during and after the training, are always taken into account. We usually talk about the 7-day micro cycle, as the shortest period of planning the training program. This micro cycle can be organised in several variants: in the preparatory period, or in the period of competition, where there can be one or two matches in seven days. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Planning / dosaging of the training load - #1(Faculty of physical education sport and health, 2020); ; The planning of the training load is closely connected to the physiological processes that are taking place in the human bodies. This process of planning is a dynamic and it should be flexible. During the creation of the load dosing, some variables need to be taken into consideration, such as: intensity of the load, volume of training sessions, repetitions, frequencies of training sessions, day’s off, as well as the period of supercompensation. The entire organization of the long term trainings should be planed trough cycles (micro, meso, macro). The realization of the plan is dynamic and it is prepared for human being, and because od that it should be adaptive, as outputs cannot be predicted 100%. There for one of the most important things in this process of planning is to have proper information about the above mention principles, as well as to be capable of adaptation and have individual approach. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Strength exercise for football #4 – maximal strength (power)(Faculty of physical education sport and health, 2020); ;
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