Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health

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Health-Related Physical Fitness is Associated with Total and Central Body Fat in Children Aged 6 to 10 Years
(LLC OVS, 2022-11-30)
Gjonbalaj, Malsor
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Morina, Besnik
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>Study purpose. This study purpose was to investigate whether health-related physical fitness is associated with total and central body fat in school children aged 6–10 years. Materials and methods. A total of 2197 Macedonian children aged 6–10 years (1096 boys and 1101 girls) participated in the study. Health-related physical fitness was measured by the modified EUROFIT test battery: the 20 m shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness); the handgrip strength test, the standing long jump and the 30 s sit-ups tests (muscular strength); the 4×10 m shuttle run test (motor fitness) and the sit and reach test (flexibility). Body mass index, body fat percentage and waist circumference were used as markers of total and central body fat, respectively. Results. The standing long jump, the 30 s sit-ups, the 4×10 m shuttle run and the 20 m shuttle run tests were negatively associated with all markers of total and central body fat in boys and girls after controlling for age (p<0.01). The handgrip strength test was positively associated with all markers of total and central body fat (p<0.01). No statistically significant correlation was established between the markers of total and central body fat and the sit and reach test. Conclusions. The present study broadens previous findings in children and adolescents which demonstrate correlations between the health-related physical fitness components, chiefly the muscle strength, the agility and cardiorespiratory fitness and total central adiposity. Fitness assessment should be introduced in future epidemiological and intervention studies in school children because it seems to be an important factor determining health.</jats:p>
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Influence of Social Support and Residential Area Quality on the Physical Activity of Adolescents from the Republic of Kosovo
("St. Cyril and St. Methodius" University of Veliko Tarnovo, 2022-06-29)
Zeqiri, Linda
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Gontarev, Seryozha
<jats:p>This research was conducted on a sample of 399 respondents from Pristina. The aim was to determine if there were differences between the male and female respondents with different levels of physical activity with regard to social support from their parents and friends, the number of friends who take exercise, as well as the quality of their residential area. The sample was defined as one group and it was divided into two subsamples: 206 male respondents (schoolboys) and 193 female respondents (schoolgirls) aged from 11 to 14 (schoolchildren from the 6th to the 9th grade). They were selected from several schools in the city of Pristina. On the basis of the results obtained after applying the proper statistical methods, it was concluded that the male and female respondents, who were classified as “high active”, received greater social support from their friends and parents, had a greater number of exercising friends, perceived their residential area as a safe place for physical activity, and thought there were sports grounds and buildings where they could be physically active and engage in sports.</jats:p>
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Secular Trends in Anthropometric Characteristics and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Macedonian Children: the Makfit Studies
(LLC OVS, 2021-03-25)
Elezi, Abdulla
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Elezi, Gresa
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>The purpose of the present study was to analyze the secular trends in anthropometric characteristics and health-related physical fitness (i.e., flexibility, muscular strength and speed/agility) in Macedonian children between 2012 and 2019. Materials and methods. We analyzed the secular trends in anthropometric characteristics and health-related physical fitness in Macedonian children between 2012 and 2019. Two representative population studies were conducted 7 years apart in children (6-10 years) from Skopje (Mаcedonia). Both studies used the same anthropometric measures and tests to assess physical fitness: height, weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, muscle mass percentage, sit and reach, handgrip strength, standing long jump, 30 sec sit ups, and 4 × 10 m shuttle run. Result. The boys and girls measured in 2019 had significantly better performance in the sit and reach (Cohen’s d ~0.4 and ~0.5, respectively), 30 sec sit ups (Cohen’s d ~0.3 and ~0.2, respectively), and 4 × 10 m shuttle run (Cohen’s d ~0.7 and ~0.8, respectively) tests compared to those measured in 2012–2013. Levels of the standing long jump were significantly lower in 2019 in boys and girls (Cohen’s d ~0.6 for both). Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that Macedonian children measured in 2019 have higher levels of flexibility, abdominal muscle strength and coordination, speed and agility, but lower levels of explosive force of the lower limbs than their counterparts measured. 7 years ago, no statistically significant differences were found in anthropometric measures and measures of body weight.</jats:p>
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Gender Differences in Absolute and Relative Values of Hand Dynamometer Test with 9 and 10-Year Old Children From the Skopje Region in R.N. Macedonia
(LLC OVS, 2021-06-25)
Elezi, Abdulla
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Elezi, Gresa
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>Background. Handgrip strength test is applied both to adults and children to indicate muscular fitness as well as the nutritional and health status. It differs in adults and adolescents depending on the gender. However, it is not clear whether a difference exists also in children at 9 to 10 years of age, and what are the factors that influence it. The goal of the research was to determine the absolute and relative values of the hand dynamometer test with healthy Macedonian boys and girls aged 9 and 10 from the Skopje region as well as to determine the factors that affect the handgrip strength at that age. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on a sample of 775 children (boys n = 386; girls n = 389), whereby the following characteristics were measured: handgrip strength, weight, height, body fat percentage, muscle mass percentage and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The maximum handgrip strength was measured with a digital Takei TKK 5101 dynamometer. Results. The research found that there are statistically significant differences in the absolute values obtained in the hand dynamometer test between healthy boys and girls in Macedonia at 9 and 10 years of age. On the basis of the results obtained from the research, one can conclude that the results of the hand dynamometer test are affected by age, gender and body composition. Conclusion. Based on the increasing predominance of children’s obesity, the present study can provide clinicians and researchers with an insight how body composition influences muscular fitness, and can serve policy-makers to develop gender-specific strategies about body-weight management and promotion of muscular performance among children and adolescents.</jats:p>
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THE EFFECT OF CYCLIC AEROBIC ACTIVITY ON SOME BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS IN WOMEN 19-30 YEARS OLD
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2021)
Kusari, Nertila
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Shukova Stojmanovska, Daniela
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Elezi, Abdula
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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IMPACT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ON ADOLESCENTS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2022)
Zeqiri, Linda
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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Total and Abdominal Adiposity are Lower in Overweight and Obese Children with High Cardiorespiratory Fitness
(Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2022-02-01)
Morina, Besnik
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Miftari, Florian
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Gontarev, Seryozha
<jats:p>The study goal was to determine the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the total and abdominal adiposity in a sample of children aged 6 to 10. It was hypothesised that high cardiorespiratory fitness would result in lower total and abdominal obesity. The research was conducted on a sample of 1432 respondents where 717 (50.1%) are boys, and 715 (49.9%) are girls aged 6 to 10. The average age of the respondents was 8.72±1.4 years. Three anthropometric measures (body height, body weight and waist circumference) were considered and the body composition was determined by BIA. Body mass index sex - and age-specific cut-off points were used for overweight and obesity definition and children were placed in two groups: overweight/obese and non overweight. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed with the endurance shuttle-run test. Participants were grouped into high and low CRF based on age and sex distributions. The results were statistically analyzed by using t-tests and a χ2 test, analysis of covariance, Pearson correlation and hierarchical linear regression. On the basis of the obtained results, one can conclude that children who are overweight or obese and have a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness, have lower body mass index values, lower waist circumference, lower body fat percentage and a higher muscle mass percentage compared to children who are classified in the same BMI category, but have low values of cardiorespiratory fitness. The results of this study suggest that an appropriate level of cardiorespiratory fitness can reduce the threats of obesity among the pediatric population.</jats:p>
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness Cut-Points Related to Body Adiposity Parameters in Macedonian Children
(LLC OVS, 2022-03-25)
Elezi, Abdulla
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Kadriu, Valon
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Elezi, Gresa
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Gontarev, Seryozha
<jats:p>Background and Objectives: There is a shortage of criteria referent standards for tests of logistic application meant to estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of children and adolescents in the Republic of North Macedonia. The goal of the research was twofold: (1) To identify the ability of CRF estimated by the 20-m shuttle-run test (20mSRT) to discriminate between “healthy” and “unhealthy” phenotypes (by adiposity measures such as WC and WHR) in children; (2) To determine the correlation between obesity and relatively maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) tested on a relatively large respondents’ sample of Macedonian children. The research was conducted on a sample of 1,863 respondents, 957 (51.4%) of whom were boys, and 906 (48.6%) were girls at the age of 7 to 10 years. All of them were from 19 primary schools in the central and eastern parts of the Republic of North Macedonia. Materials and Methods: The waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were used to identify body adiposity markers. CRF was measured using the 20mSRT (VO2 peak). Receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression were applied in order to establish the discriminative power of CRF in anticipating the parameters of body adiposity markers. Results: With regard both to the boys and girls, VO2 peak showed considerable predictive power of identifying the body adiposity (area under the curve [AUC] > 0.66). In boys, when considering the full sample (7-10 years), the best cut-point for VO2 peak to detect body fat by WC were 48.8 to mL•kg−1•min−1 and WHtR were 47.4 to mL•kg−1•min−1. For girls, when considering the full sample (7-10 years), the best cut-point to detect body fat by WC were 47.4 to mL•kg−1•min−1 and WHtR were 47.1 to mL•kg−1•min−1. Conclusions: According to these cut-points, adolescents with low CRF were more likely to be obese either by WC or WHtR. The border values (cut-points) of CRF can be used as quantitative markers of children of healthier body characteristics from the Republic of North Macedonia. </jats:p>
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Establishing Levels of Perceived Benefits and Barriers from Exercising By Female Students at University of “Ss. Cyril & Methodius” – Skopje
(Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2022-06-01)
Kastrati, Armend
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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Gashi, Nazrije
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<jats:p>Many individuals are not engaged in sufficient physical activity due to low perceived benefits and high perceived barriers to exercise. Given the increasing incidence of obesity and obesity-related health disorders, this topic requires further exploration. The research goal was to establish what factors, according to students' perceptions, appear as the greatest benefits from and heaviest barriers for exercising, as well as establish the correlation between these per- ceived benefits and barriers, and the level of physical activity. Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale was used to assess per- ceived benefits and barrier intensities to exercise in 514 female university students (mean age 19.3 years, SD=1.06), taken from several faculties at the University of “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” in Skopje. The research results show that the female respondents who study at the university perceive much more benefits than barriers to exercising. The calcu- lated relation of benefits/barriers with this sample presents 1.39. The observed highest benefit that the female re- spondents have perceived is the “psychological benefit”, followed by the advantage related to the improved physical performance, improvement of life quality, social interaction, and health prevention. Physical tension and lack of time were graded considerably higher against the other two subscales of assessing the perceived barriers to exercising. The respondents with high physical activity have significantly higher results in the scales and subscales of assessing the perceived benefits and lower results in the scales and subscales of assessing the perceived barriers to exercising than those with a moderate and low level of physical activity. The implications of the research in elaborating the strategies and educative programs for promoting physical activity show the importance of increasing the relation benefits/barriers with the female respondents. The applied interventions should help female students to overcome the feelings of discomfort of physical tension during exercising (reducing the perceived barriers) and to emphasize health and other benefits of regular exercising (increasing the expected benefits).</jats:p>
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Somatotype Characteristics of Elite Young Athletes from the Republic of Kosovo
(Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2022-10-01)
Kastrati, Armend
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Gashi, Nazrije
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Gontarev, Seryozha
<jats:p>A large number of published studies have established the somatotype characteristics of athletes from different sports. The research goal is to establish and compare the anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and somatotype components of Kosovo’s young elite athletes. The research was conducted on 255 young athletes aged 18, divided into 92 footballers, 83 basket players, and 80 handball players. The obtained results show numerous relations and differences between the tested young athletes. The research results suggest that footballers are shorter and lighter than basketball and handball players; have lower BMI than handball players. Handball players are shorter than basketball players, and have greater BMI than basketball players and footballers. Footballers, compared to handball players have a greater bone-component and less fat-component percentage. Basketball players possess greater bone-component percentage values than handball players. Footballers have a dominant mesomorph component. Their somatotype category is balanced mesomorph. Handball players are established to have a common mesomorph athletic type with a characteristic skeleton’s longitudinal dimension. The ectomorph body type is dominant in basketball players – a mesomorph- body type with a characteristic skeleton’s longitudinal dimension and balanced correlation between the bone and muscle tissue. Therefore, these findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and suggest to them to follow recent selection process methods and be more diligent during the process of talent scouting.</jats:p>

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