Institute of Biology

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CENANGIUM OLYMPIUM, COMB. NOV.
(Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2026-02-16)
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Wu, Gang
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Yang, Zhu-Liang
New records of the cup-fungus Zeus olympius Minter & Diam. (Rhytismataceae, Ascomycota) are reported from the territory of Kosovo, and a new taxonomic combination for the species is proposed. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using nrITS (Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer) sequences from dry material collected in Kosovo and Greece. Based on the new phylogenetic placement, where species morphologically identified as Zeus olympius are placed within a clade of the genus Cenangium, Cenangium olympium (Minter & Diam.) M. Karadelev, K. Rusevska, G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang is introduced as a comb. nov. for Zeus olympius.
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Mapping the landscape of mycological organizations in europe: where citizen science meets professional mycology
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-01)
Haelewaters, Danny
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Aghayeva, Dilzara
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de-Miguel, Sergio
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Degtjarenko, Polina
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Dierickx, Glen
Fungi have been used by humans since prehistoric times. Informal structures or groups for knowledge exchange regarding mushrooms and lichens probably existed for ages. Only recently, mycological activities have been structured in formal organizations. And where until a few centuries ago there were only learned societies and naturalists’ clubs, nowadays also mycological societies and citizen scientists have joined the landscape. However, the history of mycological organizations and activities in Europe is difficult to track. Here, we initiated two surveys to characterize the current landscape of mycological organizations focused on fungal diversity across Europe and to collate citizen science activities mapping fungi. The surveys were shared on social media and sent to mycologists in 49 countries in Europe. Responses of the surveys allowed us to present the history, geographical distribution, and structure of mycological rganizations in Europe as well as their types of activities, including the publication of journals and magazines, the organization of meetings and educational initiatives, and citizen science projects. In addition to the surveys, local mycologists presented expert knowledge for a more comprehensive overview. Our data show that the mycological landscape in Europe is diverse and heterogeneous. We discuss ways to overcome economic, cultural, and linguistic barriers towards better integration of mycological communities, activities, and data in Europe. Mycological societies focusedon studying fungal diversity can be leveraged towards common goals that include raising public awareness, data integration, uniting academics and non-academics, and developing common standards for research and communication.
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Provisional list of the Ascomycota species from Kosovo with data on new records
(Nature Research Centre -NRC, 2025)
Ramshaj, Qëndrim
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Tofilovska, Slavica
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The mycobiota of Kosovo, especially fungi of the phylum Ascomycota, remains under-explored despite its ecological and biological importance. This study aims to assess the diversity and distribution of macrofungal species of the phylum Ascomycota in different ecosystems in Kosovo. Field work combined with laboratory analysis was conducted from 2017 to 2022, using standard mycological techniques for species identification. A total of 82 species have now been documented in Kosovo. Of these, 39 species have been previously reported in the scientific literature, and 43 species are new records, significantly enriching the knowledge of the diversity of fungi in Kosovo. Taxonomic analysis showed that these species belong to 56 genera, distributed in 34 families, 10 orders, six subclasses, five classes and one subphylum. The Helotiales and Pezizales orders had the highest diversity, with 12 and nine families, respectively. In contrast, the orders such as Xylariales and Hypocreales showed remarkable variation, while several other orders were represented by a single family. These results highlight the rich but under-explored diversity of Ascomycota in Kosovo and emphasise the importance of further research to support biodiversity conservation.
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First records of three Hericium species (Basidiomycota) in Kosovo
(UNIV ZAGREB, FAC SCIENCE, DIV BIOLOGY, C/O DAMIR VILICIC, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, ROOSEVELTOV TRG 6, ZAGREB, Croatia, 10000, 2025-03-04)
Ramsha, Qëndrim
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Tofilovska, Slavica
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This study presents the first report of three Hericium species in Kosovo: Hericiumn cirrhatum (Pers.) Nikol., H. coralloides (Scop.) Pers. and H. erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. These species were found in mixed deciduous and oak forests in the central-eastern part of the country.
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Expanding the range: First record and redescription of the male of Limnephilus petri Marinković Gospodnetić, 1966 in R. North Macedonia
(Institute for Biodiversity and Ecology, 2025-04-10)
Hinić-Jordanovska, Jelena
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Ibrahimi, Halil
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Kučinić, Mladen
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Bilalli, Astrit
Limnephilus petri, an endemic caddisfly species, is reported for the first time from the Republic of North Macedonia. This discovery expands the known distribution of the species, which has previously been observed in limited geographic areas. In this study, the redescription of the male of L. petri is provided, including detailed morphological features that aid in the species’ identification. The findings contribute significantly to the understanding of the aquatic biodiversity of the region, emphasizing the ecological importance of the species. This study also underscores the importance of continued monitoring and conservation efforts to protect such rare and specialized species.
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Global decoupling of functional and phylogenetic diversity in plant communities
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-02)
Hähn, Georg J A
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Damasceno, Gabriella
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Alvarez-Davila, Esteban
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Aubin, Isabelle
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Bauters, Marijn
Plant communities are composed of species that differ both in functional traits and evolutionary histories. As species' functional traits partly result from their individual evolutionary history, we expect the functional diversity of communities to increase with increasing phylogenetic diversity. This expectation has only been tested at local scales and generally for specific growth forms or specific habitat types, for example, grasslands. Here we compare standardized effect sizes for functional and phylogenetic diversity among 1,781,836 vegetation plots using the global sPlot database. In contrast to expectations, we find functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity to be only weakly and negatively correlated, implying a decoupling between these two facets of diversity. While phylogenetic diversity is higher in forests and reflects recent climatic conditions (1981 to 2010), functional diversity tends to reflect recent and past climatic conditions (21,000 years ago). The independent nature of functional and phylogenetic diversity makes it crucial to consider both aspects of diversity when analysing ecosystem functioning and prioritizing conservation efforts.
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The Impel Project Jonef for the Monitoring of Macrofungi in Europe (ID 771)
(IMC12, 2024-08-11)
Floccia, F., Gonçalves, S. C., Martin, F., Rusevska, K., Topalidou, E., Rathore, D. S., Madesis, P., Nai, C., Mifsud, S. & L. Fodor.
Background and aims Currently, fungi are not or barely included in European environmental legislation and policies. In 2023, the European Network IMPEL approved a new project, Joint Networks for wild Fungi (JoNeF). JoNeF is focused on sharing guidelines for monitoring macrofungi in European habitats. The goal is to encourage the European Commission to consider fungi in environmental legislation and policies, based on the requests made by the scientific community over the years and considering the recent knowledge gained on them. Methods The JoNeF team conducted a survey based on a questionnaire that was distributed to experts and institutions interested in fungal conservation and data collection between October to December 2023. Thirty-two European respondents filled out the questionnaire, indicating a strong interest in the subject. Results This survey aimed to provide a current perspective on the state of fungal conservation in Europe. The results showed that almost half of the European countries have developed laws, policies, and plans for the study and protection of fungal diversity, whereas the remaining countries do not yet have specific laws on fungal conservation. Conclusions This inconsistency was caused by the lack of a common European operational framework. Common strategies employing modern approaches to unite the knowledge about fungal diversity can form the basis of a mushroom protection strategy within the framework of conservation in the living world. Requesting a joint directive from the European Commission to establish a conservation strategy that includes fungi and their habitats is crucial for the scientific community and environmental organizations.
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The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa
(Mushroom Research Foundation, 2024)
Hyde, KD
With the simultaneous growth in interest from the mycological community to discover fungal species and classify them, there is also an important need to assemble all taxonomic information onto common platforms. Fungal classification is facing a rapidly evolving landscape and organizing genera into an appropriate taxonomic hierarchy is central to better structure a unified classification scheme and avoid incorrect taxonomic inferences. With this in mind, the Outlines of Fungi and fungus-like taxa (2020, 2022) were published as an open-source taxonomic scheme to assist mycologists to better understand the taxonomic position of species within the Fungal Kingdom as well as to improve the accuracy and consistency of our taxonomic language. In this paper, the third contribution to the series of Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa prepared by the Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is published. The former is updated considering our previous reviews and the taxonomic changes based on recent taxonomic work. In addition, it is more comprehensive and derives more input and consensus from a larger number of mycologists worldwide. Apart from listing the position of a particular genus in a taxonomic level, nearly 1000 notes are provided for newly established genera and higher taxa introduced since 2022. The notes section emphasizes on recent findings with corresponding references, discusses background information to support the current taxonomic status and some controversial taxonomic issues are also highlighted. To elicit maximum taxonomic information, notes/taxa are linked to recognized databases such as Index Fungorum, Faces of Fungi, MycoBank and GenBank, Species Fungorum and others. A new feature includes links to Fungalpedia, offering notes in the Compendium of Fungi and fungus-like Organisms. When specific notes are not provided, links are available to webpages and relevant publications for genera or higher taxa to ease data accessibility. Following the recent synonymization of Caulochytriomycota under Chytridiomycota, with Caulochytriomycetes now classified as a class within the latter, based on formally described and currently accepted data, the Fungi comprises 19 Phyla, 83 classes, 1,220 families, 10,685 genera and ca 140,000 species. Of the genera, 39.5% are monotypic and this begs the question whether mycologists split genera unnecessarily or are we going to find other species in these genera as more parts of the world are surveyed? They are 433 speciose genera with more than 50 species. The document also highlights discussion of some important topics including number of genera categorized as incertae sedis status in higher level fungal classification. The number of species at the higher taxonomic level has always been a contentious issue especially when mycologists consider either a lumping or a splitting approach and herein we provide figures. Herein a summary of updates in the outline of Basidiomycota is provided with discussion on whether there are too many genera of Boletales, Ceratobasidiaceae, and speciose genera such as Colletotrichum. Specific case studies deal with Cortinarius, early diverging fungi, Glomeromycota, a diverse early divergent lineage of symbiotic fungi, Eurotiomycetes, marine fungi, Myxomycetes, Phyllosticta, Hymenochaetaceae and Polyporaceae and the longstanding practice of misapplying intercontinental conspecificity. The outline will aid to better stabilize fungal taxonomy and serves as a necessary tool for mycologists and other scientists interested in the classification of the Fungi.
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Ramshaj, Q., Rusevska, K., Karadelev, M. & S. Tofilovska. (2024). Diversity and Distribution of Macromycetes on the Territory of Kosovo. 12th International Mycological Congress (IMC12). 11-15 August 2024 Maastricht, The Netherlands. (ID 596).
(IMC12, 2024-08-11)
Ramshaj, Q., Rusevska, K., Karadelev, M. & S. Tofilovska.
As a diverse group of organisms, fungi play a key role in ecosystems around the world. The fungi in the territory of Kosovo had been scantily known, and this research marks the first comprehensive study on the diversity, biogeography, and ecology of macromycetes in this area. The study was carried at 74 localities in different parts of Kosovo in the period between 2017 and 2022. A total of 631 species have been recorded, majority belong to the phylum Basidiomycota (549), while 82 species belong to the phylum Ascomycota. The study has revealed occurrence of 463 species previously unknown for the mycobiota of Kosovo. In addition to the new knowledge on the number of macromycetes in Kosovo, knowledge on ecological features of species, i.e. the type of habitats and possible mycorrhizal partners has also been expanded. A rare species have been identified, as Microstoma protractum, Poronia punctata, Sarcosphaera coronaria and Zeus olympius in phylum Ascomycota. Within phylum Basidiomycota, noteworthy species are: Amanita dryophila, A. lividopallescens, Aspropaxillus giganteus, Butyriboletus pseudoregius, B. regius, Byssomerulius hirtellus, Cerioporus leptocephalus, Hericium cirrhatum, H. coralloides, H. erinaceus, Imperator luteocupreus, I. rhodopurpureus Pachykytospora tuberculosa, Phyllotopsis nidulans and Rubroboletus satanas. The aforementioned species have been selected as noteworthy, rare or endangered in Kosovo, and their distribution and ecology have been elaborated in detail. Most of these species are protected in the neighboring countries and in Europe. As a result of the current research, a collection of dry specimens of macromycetes has been established, deposited in private herbarium RQPC.
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Rusevska, K., Grebenc, T., Karadelev, M. & S. Tofilovska. (2024). Diversity of Hypogeous Genera Sclerogaster and Wakefieldia (Basidiomycota) in North Macedonia. 12th International Mycological Congress (IMC12). 11-15 August 2024 Maastricht, The Netherlands. (ID 2212).
(IMC12, 2024-08-11)
Rusevska, K., Grebenc, T., Karadelev, M. & S. Tofilovska.
Genera Sclerogaster and Wakefieldia, a hypogeous fungi (Basidiomycota), are rarely reported, particularly from poorly mapped regions of the Balkan Peninsula. Research on hypogeous fungi in North Macedonia is progressing steadily in recent last years, resulting in increasing number of collections in the Macedonian Collection of Fungi (MCF). We performed a morphological and molecular characterization of collections from the MCF, compare them to available collection from other areas of the Balkan Peninsula and available sequences in nucleotide databases. The area of focus in this study were mountains Bistra, Shar Planina and Vodno and the valley Skopsko Pole. Both morphological details and molecular diversity of the two genera based on the nr rDNA ITS marker are presented. We distinguished two species of genus Sclerogaster in North Macedonia. S. compactus with its second report for the Balkan Peninsula, and moderately more common S. hysterangioides. S. compactus is found from only one site in the riparian community of Populus alba and Ulmus laevis. S. hysterangioides is regarded as a common species, in North Macedonia recorded from four sites and different types of habitats. The genus Wakefieldia is monotypic genus with W. macrospora as the sole species in Europe. Our collections are first records for North Macedonia. As information on these species is scarce, we also provide information on their ecology. The study of hypogeous fungi in N. Macedonia supports the high diversity of this group of fungi in the area and calls for future and more detailed study of their distribution and ecology.

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