Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering
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Item type:Publication, The cadmium and mercury contents in the liver tissue of wild boar (Sus Scrofa) from different hunting grounds in the western part of North Macedonia(University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, 2023-09-18)Maletić, V., Cokoski, K., Beukovič, D., Horvatovic Polovinski, M., Vukadinovic, M.Due to its relatively long lifespan and its biological characteristics, hunting game is increasingly used as a biomonitor of environmental pollution. In this study wild boars were used as biomonitor of cadmium and mercury occurrence in different hunting grounds located around seven cities (Resen, Ohrid, Kičevo, Kruševo, Debar, Prilep and Bitola) in the region of the western part of North Macedonia. The samples of wild boar livers (n = 49) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for cadmium concentration and by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAA) for mercury. All wild boars were shot during a regular hunting season 2018. For both heavy metals, no statistically significant difference was found between locations (p value > 0.05). The average concertation by locations for Cd ranged from 159.1 to 461.4 μg/kg, with the mean concentration for all 368.3 μg/kg, while for Hg ranged from 11.4 to 65.9 μg/kg with the mean concentration for all 34.99 μg/kg. The 20.4% (Cd) and 4% (Hg) from a total of 49 samples exceed the maximum permissible limits for cadmium (500 μg/kg) and mercury (100 μg/kg) according to the legal regulation in North Macedonia. The maximum value for Cd (1929 μg/kg) and Hg (252 μg/kg) were found in hunting ground located near city Prilep. The concentration of mercury in 20.4% or a total of 10 samples was below limit of detection, while cadmium was detected in all samples. Despite the fact that certain values exceed the permissible limits for investigated heavy metals, the average values are below the maximum permissible limits. It can be concluded that the western part of North Macedonia is not exposed to cadmium and mercury contamination however there is need for the further research in this area. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The occurrence of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) in the liver of wild boars in the Republic of North Macedonia(University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, 2023-09-18)Cokoski, K., Beuković, D., Maletić, V., Horvatovic Polovinski, M., Tanovski, V., Vukadinovic, M., Dimitrieska-Stojković, E., Enimiteva, V.Wild boars are widely distributed in the world and can be found in Eurasia, the southern part of Asia, and some of the islands of Indonesia. As omnivores they are well suited as biological indicators of the occurrence of heavy metals due to their relatively long lifespans, widely distribution, and relatively high numbered shot animals per annual legal hunting season. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry in the livers of free-living wild boars (n = 58) from Bitola and Gevgelija locations in the Republic of North Macedonia. In all four examined heavy metals, there was not found a statistically significant difference between the locations. Mean levels of heavy metals (mg/kg) in the livers of boars ranged as follows: Cd - 0.391 mg/kg and 0.339 mg/kg; Pb - 0.213mg/kg and 0.204 mg/kg; Hg - 0.034 mg/kg and 0.037 mg/kg; As - 0.035 mg/kg and 0.029 mg/kg in Bitola and Gevgelija, respectively. Although some samples (two samples of Hg, ten samples of Cd and two samples of Pb) exceed the legal limits, the average values for all heavy metals were far below the permitted values. These results are encouraging because they indicate a relatively good condition of the ecosystem in terms of heavy metal pollution in the Republic of North Macedonia. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, МИКОБИОЛОШКA АКТИВНОСТ И ДИСАЊЕ ЗЕМЉИШТА У ЗАВИСНОСТИ ОД ТЕМПЕРАТУРЕ И ВЛАЖНОСТИ(2025-10-08)Soil microbial processes are a key component of the carbon and energy cycle in terrestrial ecosystems, with enzymatic activities and microbial respiration playing a central role in the decomposition of organic matter and the release of carbon dioxide. Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) is a reliable bioindicator of total microbial activity, while soil respiration (Rs) represents the conditions under which microbial metabolic pathways occur. In the past decade or so, numerous separate studies of soil characteristics, microbial activity and soil respiration have been conducted on Fruška Gora. So far, no study has been conducted that would contribute to a better understanding of the influence of soil temperature and humidity on microbial activity and soil respiration. The studied area is located in the NP “Fruška Gora”, GJ Popovica – Majdan – Zmajevac, 20/c, in a coppice forest of sessile oak (Quercetum montanum typicum) with an admixture of beech (Fagus moesiaca (Domin, Maly) Czecz). The terrain is very steep, altitudes 475–505 m, southeast exposure, geological base is shale, and the soil is dystric cambisol. A total of 32 field visits were conducted in the period 2014–2017. for measurements of air and soil temperature and humidity, as well as soil sampling for laboratory analysis. In this study, the relationships between soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA), soil temperature (Soil T), soil water content (SWC), and soil respiration rate (Rs) were analyzed during three growing seasons (2014, 2015, and 2017) using linear and polynomial regression models. The results show that the relationship between Soil T and DHA varies significantly depending on the year, implying that the influence of temperature likely depends on the interaction with other abiotic factors. The relationship between SWC and DHA also indicates a highly non-linear character, polynomial models significantly better explain the variability of DHA (R² = 0.641 – 0.92), which indicates that there is an optimal water content in the soil where DHA is most expressed. Analysis of the relationship between Soil T and Rs of the soil shows a positive correlation with pronounced interannual variability. The relationship between SWC and Rs emphasizes the importance of the water regime as a limiting factor for microbial activity. Analysis of the relationship between DHA and Rs indicates a potential mutual dependence of these biochemical processes, but largely dependent on the year and environmental conditions. It can be concluded that DHA and Rs are significantly related to Soil T and SWC, but are not consistent between seasons. Interactions between microbiological activity and abiotic factors show marked non-linearity, which confirms the necessity of using multi-level (polynomial) models in ecological studies of soil processes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Urban hedges – an important green element in the system of landscape design(Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 2022-06-15); ; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Criteria for Evaluation of Urban Green Spaces: A Case of Macedonian Cities(Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 2022-06-15); ; The constant growth of cities, their densification, the increase in the number of inhabitants, the problems with pollution of all kinds and the conditions caused by climate change, increase the pressure on the quality of life in urban areas. The commitment to achieving sustainable urban development is a globally accepted concept, but its implementation, in many respects, is a major challenge. Most often, the quality of life in cities is measured or evaluated through developed sets of criteria and indicators, the establishment of which is expected to be easier assessment and comparability at local and global level. Macedonia has long been in the "race" for sustainable and green cities, but in determining the policies for providing, planning, financing, construction and maintenance of urban green spaces, there is a lack of applicable set of criteria and indicators for their evaluation. Hence, this paper aims to examine the conditions for establishing operational criteria for the assessment of public urban green spaces in our country, regarding to economic, social and environmental issues. The research was conducted through review and analysis of: theoretical basis, legislation, experiences from other cities and local characteristics. The results of the paper would provide guidance for establishing a set of criteria and indicators that would help all stakeholders involved in the process of creating sustainable cities and specifically urban green spaces, to improve the quality of life in Macedonian cities. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Correct planning and proper landscape design - key to quality urban life Case Study: Macedonia Park, Skopje, North Macedonia(Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 2022-06-15); ; ; With the modernization of urban areas, green spaces are reduced, and the importance of the existing ones is rapidly increasing. The point is not just to have open green spaces in the cities but to have multifunctional and multipurpose parks. Whether a green place is successful depends on urban planning and landscape design. The correct planning and the proper landscape design of urban parks are key to quality urban life. The subject of analysis in this research is the planning and landscape design of the first part of Macedonia Park in Skopje, North Macedonia. The goal is to determine whether this area is functional and aesthetically beautiful at the same time. The analysis addresses several different aspects (its functionality, depending on the elements it contains; the safety of its visitors; plant species selection and the layout of the plants related to the functionality and the aesthetic appearance of the park). The results show that Macedonia Park (First part) is a multifunctional and multipurpose green area. Even though there are parts with different elements in the park which satisfy visitors with different interests of all ages, some mistakes or failures made in its planning and landscape designing are noticeable. Some of them refer to the safety of the visitors, some of the plant species selection and the others on the layout of the plants related to the functionality of the park. Also, there are errors in using some of the basic principles of landscape design, such as focalization, simplicity and rhythm and line. The aspects taken into consideration in the analysis in this paper include the potentialities and challenges of planning, designing and improving city parks in urban areas like Skopje. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, EXPLOITING THE UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF FRUIT TREE WILD DIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (FRUITDIV PROJECT)(Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food - Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2025-10-08); ; ; The domestication of fruit trees has resulted in a significant genetic bottleneck, limiting the resilience of modern cultivars to abiotic and biotic stresses driven by climate change. Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) of major pome (apple, pear) and stone (cherry, plum, etc.) fruits represent a critical, yet underutilized, reservoir of genetic diversity for traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance. The FRUITDIV project, a 5-year Horizon Europe initiative (2024-2028), aims to systematically monitor, characterize, use, and conserve the diversity of fruit tree CWR to enhance the sustainability and climate resilience of European fruit production. A multidisciplinary consortium of 27 partners from 14 countries employs an integrated approach across six core research work packages. This includes: (1) creating a comprehensive CWR inventory; (2) advanced genotypic and ex-situ phenotypic characterization; (3) developing multi-omics resources for data analysis and sharing; and (4) using these data to strategically introduce CWR alleles into pre-breeding programs. FRUITDIV will generate and make publicly available a suite of resources, including a detailed CWR knowledge base, genomic datasets, phenotyping data on valuable agronomic traits, and novel pre-breeding plant materials. The project will also deliver frameworks for the sustainable conservation and economic valuation of CWR genetic resources. By bridging the gap between conservation and breeding, FRUITDIV will unlock the genetic potential of wild fruit species. The project's outputs are designed to provide breeders and farmers with the tools and genetic material needed to develop robust fruit varieties, ensuring the long-term productivity and sustainability of European agriculture. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Enhancing the Environmental Impact of Roundabouts as a part of Urban Green Infrastructure: A Case Study of Skopje , North Macedonia(Forest Research Institute – BAS, 2023-10-19); Urban green infrastructure plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of urban life by incorporating diverse green areas. Roundabouts, as integral elements of urban landscapes, have gained global popularity in recent decades due to their traffic management benefits. However, their potential to improve environmental quality is now receiving increasing attention. This paper examines the environmental impact of six roundabouts in Skopje, North Macedonia, located across different parts of the city. It highlights the significance of these roundabouts as green spaces within the urban green infrastructure network and evaluates their landscape design and constituent elements. All six roundabouts studied are integrated into the urban green infrastructure network, contributing approximately 7000 m² of green area. While grass cover is present in all of them, three roundabouts incorporate low vegetation, and the remaining three feature a combination of low and high vegetation. However, the prevalent excessive use of unsustainable annual flowering plants poses economic challenges. In addition, inadequate maintenance practices and poor plant selection, lacking resistance to harmful automotive emissions, have resulted in suboptimal conditions for many plants. Recommendations are given to optimise the functionality, sustainability, and biodiversity of roundabouts while maintaining aesthetic appeal. By adopting a strategic and holistic approach, urban planners can enhance the environmental impact of roundabouts, ensuring their integration into a cohesive and resilient urban green infrastructure network. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, From grey to green squares. Fighting climate change.(ECLAS 2022 --- University of Ljubljana, 2022-09-12); ; Čukanović, JelenaDue to urbanization cities are constantly expanding, often at the expense of green areas. This reduction of greenery can be seen on the examples of six historical squares in two countries: The Square of liberty, Trifković square and Gallery square in Novi Sad, Serbia and Macedonia square, Karposh uprising square, and Old train station square in Skopje, North Macedonia. Since they are under the urban heat island effect, in order to improve the microclimate and mitigate the effects of climate change, this paper proposes a green design model applicable to similar squares that deal with the lack of greenery. This paper deals with the past, present, and future state of the appearance and function of the mentioned squares and their grey/green values. After collecting historical data, field observation was conducted with the implementation of checklists on spatial features, user activity, and vegetation which yielded data on the quality of the analyzed area. The results showed that these squares are “grey” – have a high share of impermeable paved surfaces and a low amount of greenery. As these locations are on important city points, implementing a green design would increase their eligibility for the city’s greenery system and improve their ecological role. The creation of a design model that is universal and applicable to other “grey” squares is our main goal. This model will have in common features such as usage of water and heat permeable surfaces, planting resistant trees in sunlit areas which increase shade and planting grass areas that allow unhindered wind movement through the square. The model is widely applied because transforming “grey” to green squares improves the local microclimate and including green squares into the cities greenery system creates a wider effect on a large scale by mitigating climate change effects such as urban heat island. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Management and regeneration potential on overmature coppice sessile oak forests stands, case study in Bushava Planina(2018); ; ;
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