Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering

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Long-term monitoring of deoxynivalenol in Serbian maize: A 2010-2023 study
(Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES), 2025)
Polovinski-Horvatović, Miroslava
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Krstović, Saša
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Jajić, Igor
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Guljaš, Darko
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Damjanović, Marko
<jats:p>The trichothecenes are a diverse group of mycotoxins primarily produced by molds from the Fusarium genus, and can occur both in the field and in storage units. In this study, a total of 576 samples were processed over a 14-year period, from 2010 to 2023. The number of samples in which some concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected was 288. The average value during the observed period (2010-2023) ranged from 0.176 in 2020 to 2.420 mg/kg in 2014. The highest concentration was recorded in 2014 at 9.498 mg/kg, while other maximum values in different years reached up to 3.822 mg/kg. The occurrence of DON varies from year to year, primarily depending on climatic conditions. The number of positive samples ranged from 5% in 2018 to 100% in 2014. However, contamination of maize with Fusarium can happen not only in the field but also during storage. Therefore, continuous monitoring is necessary. Our findings suggest that the presence of DON may affect animal production; this impact may have been overlooked due to other pressing issues.</jats:p>
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Forest Regeneration and Tree Damage – How to Assess the Impact of Wild Ungulates?
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2025-12-01)
Lavadinović, Vukan
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Beuković, Dejan
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Popović, Zoran
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Kanjevac, Branko
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Cokoski, Kristijan
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Abundance of large game in Serbia is currently below the habitat’s potential, mostly due to negative anthropogenic factors. For this reason, fenced hunting grounds, commonly established in forests, serve as important habitats for the management of wild ungulates. Fenced hunting grounds are usually run by profit-oriented state forest enterprises, where game management is based on economic carrying capacity, requiring higher population densities. Such practices directly affect forest management, due to more frequent tree damage caused by wild ungulates. In order to provide a sustainable solution which would be acceptable to both foresters and wildlife managers, it is necessary to accurately estimate the impact of game species on forest regeneration. In this study, we propose an innovative research design for the Republic of Serbia, which is based on the use of both traditional and novel methods. Research was conducted in the fenced hunting grounds “Plavna” and “Ristovača”, both managed by the State enterprise “Vojvodinašume” during the period from autumn 2023 to summer 2024. In each hunting ground, two sample plots of the same size (9 x 9 m) were established next to each other, one fenced and one non-fenced, and monitored with trap cameras. In “Plavna”, the sample plots were in a poplar regeneration area, where the main game species are Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.), while in “Ristovača”, the sample plots were located in an oak stand, where Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.) and Wild Boar are managed. Results indicate a significant difference between the number of seedlings and the extent of damage between fenced and non-fenced sample plots in both locations, as well as the presence of all three wild ungulate species recorded on trap cameras. However, game activities varied from browsing to passing by the sample plots. The obtained findings indicate the advantages of the applied methodology and provide useful information for estimating forest damage on large areas.</jats:p>
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Abiotic factors impact on soil respiration
(Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment. Novi Sad, Serbia., 2025-12-05)
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Cokoski, Kristijan
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Soil respiration describes the process of gas exchange between organisms and their environment. As one of the key processes in ecosystems, soil respiration is linked to ecosystem productivity, soil fertility, and the regional and global carbon cycles. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of abiotic factors, particularly variations in air temperature and humidity, on the intensity of soil respiration in the dystric cambisols within the Quercetum montanum typicum forest community at the National Park “Fruška Gora” in the Vojvodina Province of Serbia. A total of 32 site visits were conducted in 2014–2017 period to obtain site-specific data on air and soil temperature and humidity, and soil evaporation and respiration. The key findings indicate that the variations in air temperature and humidity significantly impact soil respiration. In most cases, soil respiration positively correlates with soil temperature; however, in some years, a nonlinear response has been observed, which may indicate thermal stress at higher temperatures.
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Wild Boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i> L.) as the Biomonitor of Cadmium and Lead Pollution in the Republic of North Macedonia
(Hrvatski Sumarski Institut (Croatian Forest Research), 2023-12-22)
Cokoski, Kristijan
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Beuković, Dejan
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Maletić, Vladimir
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Polovinski Horvatović, Miroslava
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Vukadinović, Marko
<jats:p>Until the outbreak of African swine fever in almost the entire Europe and consequently in the Republic of North Macedonia (2022), the population of wild boars was in increase. The biological characteristics of this species make it suitable to be used as a bioindicator for environmental pollution. The concentrations of cadmium and lead (Cd and Pb) were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the liver of free ranging wild boars. Samples were taken from 608 animals, harvested in a period of 7 years (2016-2022), in 11 hunting locations that cover the whole territory of the Republic of North Macedonia. The mean value of Pb in the liver in all hunting areas was 0.225 mg·kg-1 wet weight with range of 0.154-0.722 mg·kg-1, while mean Cd was 0.366 mg·kg-1 and ranged from 0.177 to 0.464 mg·kg-1. A statistically significant difference in Cd was found between the hunting locations, while Pb differed between hunting years. The mean Cd concentrations were significantly higher in Pelagonisko, Krivorečansko and Ohridsko-Prespansko hunting areas than in those from Pološko hunting area, while the mean Pb values in 2019 and 2020 were significantly higher than the mean value determined in 2021. For Cd, 18.2% of the total number of samples exceeds the maximum allowed limit provided in the legislation, while for Pb it was 6.7%. The maximum mean value for Pb (0.336 mg·kg-1) was measured in 2020 and for Cd (0.449 mg·kg-1) in 2016. The mean values for Pb and Cd obtained in this study were in line with data reported for wild boar from other European countries.</jats:p>
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Wild boar management (Sus scrofa L.) in the Republic of Serbia
(National Library of Serbia, 2020)
Lavadinovic, Vukan
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Popovic, Zoran
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Beukovic, Dejan
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Cokoski, Kristijan
<jats:p>Wild Boar is an autochthonous big game species important for the domestic hunting sector. In the past decades this species is increasing in number across Europe, which influences the extent of crop damages and intensity of the human-wildlife conflict. In this study Wild Boar hunting management was analyzed both at the national and regional level. For that purpose data from management plans of 272 hunting grounds were used. Beside the management plans, this study includes a survey of 377 hunters. The results indicate that Wild Boar population abundance is increasing in the Republic of Serbia, partially because the planned and realized shooting are not harmonized. There are differences in hunting management between the regions of Vojvodina and Central Serbia. The survey has shown that among domestic hunters Wild Boar is a popular game species, especially due to the attractive way of hunting.</jats:p>
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The levels of mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) in wild boar’s liver (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) in eleven hunting areas from the Republic of North Macedonia
(Hrvatsko Sumarsko Drustvo, 2024-03-26)
Cokoski, Kristijan
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Beuković, Dejan
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Polovinski Horvatović, Miroslava
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Maletić, Vladimir
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Vukadinović, Marko
<jats:p>The monitors have recently been defined as the organisms in which changes in known characteristics can be measured to assess the extent of the environmental contamination. Among the numerous game species, the wild boar as omnivore is characterized as an exceptionally good biomonitor. The concentrations of one heavy metal (Hg) and one metalloid (As) were measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometer and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the liver tissue of free-living wild boars. From 11 hunting areas locations that cover the whole territory of North Macedonia in a period of 7 years (2016-2022) a total of 608 wild boar liver samples were harvested during the regular hunting season. The mean concentration of Hg from 11 hunting grounds ranged from 12.7 μg/kg to 68.8 μg/kg, and mean concentration for all was 45.67 μg/kg. The average concentration of As ranged from 22 μg/kg to 55.3 μg/kg, and mean concentration for all was 33.1 μg/kg. For mercury, 6.56% or 40 of the total number of samples (608) exceeded the maximum allowed limits, and for arsenic none of the examined samples exceeded the allowed limit. For both elements a statistically significant difference was determined in relation to the years, with irregular oscillations from year to year. The mean values for mercury and arsenic are encouraging and generally indicate the relatively low contamination in the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia. However, the statistical differences due to the year as a factor suggest there is the need for the further research.</jats:p>
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Occurrence of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) in the Liver of Wild Boars in the Republic of North Macedonia
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024-05-21)
Cokoski, Kristijan
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Beuković, Dejan
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Maletić, Vladimir
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Horvatović, Miroslava Polovinski
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Tanovski, Vladimir
<jats:title>Summary</jats:title> <jats:p>Wild boars, being a common game species, inhabit regions across Eurasia, the southern regions of Asia and certain Indonesian islands. Being omnivorous and due to their relatively long lifespan, wide distribution and a relatively high number of shot animals per annual legal hunting season, they are suitable to be biological indicators of occurrence of heavy metals. Concentrations of cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry in the livers of free-living wild boars (n = 58) from two locations in the Republic of North Macedonia. In all four examined heavy metals, no statistically significant difference between the locations was found (p > 0.05). The mean levels of heavy metals were Cd 0.391 mg/kg and 0.339 mg/kg; Pb 0.213 mg/kg and 0.204 mg/kg; Hg 0.034 mg/kg and 0.037 mg/kg; As 0.035 mg/kg and 0.029 mg/kg in the livers of boars from Bitola and Gevgelija hunting sites, respectively. Although some samples (two samples of Hg, ten samples of Cd and two samples of Pb) exceeded the legal limits, the average values for all heavy metals were far below the maximum permitted values. These findings are promising since they suggest that the ecosystem in the Republic of North Macedonia is stable concerning heavy metal pollution.</jats:p>
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Influence of elevation on some structural elements of Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce Gris.) stands in National Park Pelister in North Macedonia
("Hans Em" Faculty for Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Skopje, 2022-06)
Tanovski, Vladimir
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Risteski, Mihajlo
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Cokoski, Kristijan
The influence of elevation on the forest development and also on more structural elements are evident. This paper research the influence of elevation on the relationship between diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), crown length (L) and steam volume (V). In the area of National Park Pelister in North Macedonia, we established 6 circle experimental plots (EP) at 1150 m a.s.l., 7 at 1350 m a.s.l. and 9 at 1550 m a.s.l. total 22 EP with an area of 500 m2 each of them in the evenage Pinus peuce Gris. stands with an average age of 90 years. It was measured DBH, tree height, and crown length at 481 trees in all EP. We determined the connection between DBH and H thought height model from Prodan. It was prepared nonlinear (polynomial) regression for the relation between DBH and L and nonlinear (Power) regression for the relation between DBH and V. Also, were calculated quadratic mean of DBH, average Loray height, average crown ratio, and the density of the stands. The steam volume was calculated with a formula from the volume table from Parishko for Pinus peuce Gris. The relationship between DBH and H, L, V was tested with Pearson correlation and root mean square deviation (RMSE). The differences between data of H, L, V from the EP were tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a single factor. All statistical analyses were done with Excel, Statsoft Statistica, R (CranRstudio) software. The density of stands is 490, 429 and 409 trees per ha on 1150 m, 1350 m and 1550 m a.s.l. respectively. The average DBH is 39.8 cm, 46.5 cm and 45.5 cm and Loray height is 23.9 m, 24.1 m and 22.6 m at 1150 m, 1350 m and 1550 m a.s.l. respectively. Crown ratio points out different results on the different elevation, thus average value of 40.5 %, 43.7 %, 39.3 % at 1150 m a.s.l., 1350 m a.s.l. and at 1550 m a.s.l. respectively. The differences between data are significantly p<0.05 and F of 3.4, at data of H, with p<0.05 and F 3.2 for data of L and p<0.05 with F of 9.7 for data of V. In that way, H has a bigger regression model at a lower elevation, the tree has a longer crown length at lower elevation and also has more biomass at lower elevation. The regression model of Prodan for H has а significance correlation index of 0.85, 0.80, 0.79 and RMSE of 6.55, 8.04, 6.18 for 1150 m, 1350 m and 1550 m respectively. The polynomial regression model for the connection between DBH and L has a correlation of 0.80, 0.81, 0.69 and RMSE of 59 8.31, 10.40 and 10.77 for 1150 m, 1350 m, 1550 m respectively. The power regression model for DBH and V has a correlation of 0.99, for all elevations and RMSE of 1.08, 1.48, 0.75 for 1150, 1350, 1550 m respectively. From the results can be concluded that the elevation has an influence on DBH, H, L and V as structural elements and also has an influence on the whole development of stands. It can be said that at higher elevation trees has a smaller height, DBH, volume and have longer crown length than trees at lower elevation.
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Legal solutions regarding the management of game and hunting grounds in R. North Macedonia, R. Serbia, R. Croatia, R. Slovenia and R. Bulgaria
("Hans Em" Faculty for Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Skopje, 2022-06)
Cokoski, Kristijan
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Maletic, Vladimir
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Tanoski, Vladimir
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Risteski, Mihajlo
The influence of elevation on the forest development and also on more structural elements are evident. This paper research the influence of elevation on the relationship between diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), crown length (L) and steam volume (V). In the area of National Park Pelister in North Macedonia, we established 6 circle experimental plots (EP) at 1150 m a.s.l., 7 at 1350 m a.s.l. and 9 at 1550 m a.s.l. total 22 EP with an area of 500 m2 each of them in the evenage Pinus peuce Gris. stands with an average age of 90 years. It was measured DBH, tree height, and crown length at 481 trees in all EP. We determined the connection between DBH and H thought height model from Prodan. It was prepared nonlinear (polynomial) regression for the relation between DBH and L and nonlinear (Power) regression for the relation between DBH and V. Also, were calculated quadratic mean of DBH, average Loray height, average crown ratio, and the density of the stands. The steam volume was calculated with a formula from the volume table from Parishko for Pinus peuce Gris. The relationship between DBH and H, L, V was tested with Pearson correlation and root mean square deviation (RMSE). The differences between data of H, L, V from the EP were tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a single factor. All statistical analyses were done with Excel, Statsoft Statistica, R (CranRstudio) software. The density of stands is 490, 429 and 409 trees per ha on 1150 m, 1350 m and 1550 m a.s.l. respectively. The average DBH is 39.8 cm, 46.5 cm and 45.5 cm and Loray height is 23.9 m, 24.1 m and 22.6 m at 1150 m, 1350 m and 1550 m a.s.l. respectively. Crown ratio points out different results on the different elevation, thus average value of 40.5 %, 43.7 %, 39.3 % at 1150 m a.s.l., 1350 m a.s.l. and at 1550 m a.s.l. respectively. The differences between data are significantly p<0.05 and F of 3.4, at data of H, with p<0.05 and F 3.2 for data of L and p<0.05 with F of 9.7 for data of V. In that way, H has a bigger regression model at a lower elevation, the tree has a longer crown length at lower elevation and also has more biomass at lower elevation. The regression model of Prodan for H has а significance correlation index of 0.85, 0.80, 0.79 and RMSE of 6.55, 8.04, 6.18 for 1150 m, 1350 m and 1550 m respectively. The polynomial regression model for the connection between DBH and L has a correlation of 0.80, 0.81, 0.69 and RMSE of 59 8.31, 10.40 and 10.77 for 1150 m, 1350 m, 1550 m respectively. The power regression model for DBH and V has a correlation of 0.99, for all elevations and RMSE of 1.08, 1.48, 0.75 for 1150, 1350, 1550 m respectively. From the results can be concluded that the elevation has an influence on DBH, H, L and V as structural elements and also has an influence on the whole development of stands. It can be said that at higher elevation trees has a smaller height, DBH, volume and have longer crown length than trees at lower elevation.
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Detected changes of population structure within a Cryphonectria parasitica population at the site Osoj, North Macedonia, during a time-span of over two decades
("Hans Em" Faculty for Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Skopje, 2022-06)
Risteski, Mihajlo
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Cokoski, Kristijan
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Tanovski, Vladimir
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Cryphonectria parasitica is historically considered as one of the most threatening plant diseases, and affects several species of Castanea worldwide. Applicability and success of control measures for the pathogenic fungus, consequently for control of its impact on European sweet chestnut Castanea sativa is highly dependent on presence of hypovirulence on populational levels, as well as on the population structure characteristics, most prominently vc-type diversity. In this study we compared the main characteristics of isolates of C. parasitica collected on 2 occasions with a time gap of 22 years (1998 and 2020) from the same site Osoj in the Kicevo region, in North Macedonia. We analyzed culture morphology, v-c type, and presence of hypovirulence of 72 isolates collected in 1998 and 39 isolates in 2020, by standard methods in vitro. In terms of the v-c type, from the total of 72 isolates collected in 1998, 49 (68%) were EU-12, 22 (30,55%) were EU-2 and 1 (1,38%) was EU-1. Of the 39 isolates collected in 2020, 32 (82%) were EU-12, 7 (18%) were EU-2, and no other vc types were detected, including EU-1. In 1998, 7 (13%) out of 54 assessed isolates were designated as hypovirulent, while in 2020 the proportion of hypovirulent isolates was much increased (33.33%), i.e. 13 of the total of 39. For the two-decade time frame, v-c type EU-12 remained dominant, with an additional increment of its prevalence on the populational level. From a practical point of view, it is more important that prevalence of hypovirulence was increased by over two-fold (x 2.57). This is likely the most important reason for difficulty during collection of viable samples, ultimately leading to a much lesser number of samples collected in 2020. As a conclusion, the C. parasitica population in Osoj has not only not diversified, but the most dominant vc type has become even more established with time. The relatively high proportion of hypovirulent isolates and the large increment detected in just over two decades timeframe, is interesting to further investigate in relation to overall health status of the chestnut population in Osoj

Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering

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