Institute of Mathematics

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    Space-time description of atoms, part I: Electronic structures, dark matter, and g-factors of electron, muon and tau
    (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2024-06-17)
    Kostadin Trenčevski
    The description of atoms is based on 3D time and some relativistic effects about spinning bodies have been published previously. The time displacement of the electrons also plays an important role. While the principal quantum number n refers to the angular momentum nℏ observed by external observer, the azimuth quantum number l refers to the angular momentum lℏ observed from the electron itself. The intrinsic angular momentum observed by the electron is ±ℏ/2 according to Stern–Gerlach experiment, but the angular momentum observed by external observer is about α^2ℏ/4. The magnetic quantum numbers are deduced from the mentioned effects and the trajectories of electrons are non-probabilistic and geometrically well determined. The spin quantum number indicates the time arrow toward the future or toward the past. So, the electrons with opposite time arrows can be grouped in pairs, where the nucleus is in the middle. Descriptions of the dark matter particles and the electrons are given. Using the value α=1/137.035999166 suggested from the QED, the g-factors of the electron and muon are ge=−2.002319304361166; gμ=−2.002331839354934, which give excellent agreements with the experiments. So, if we equalize the formulas for g-factor from QED and this approach, it determines the theoretical value of α, without experiment.
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    SCALE INVARIANT STOCHASTIC GRADIENT METHOD WITH MOMENTUM
    (Matematichki Bilten, Union of Mathematicians of Macedonia, 2023)
    Nikolovski, Filip
    ;
    Optimization in noisy environments arises frequently in applications. Solving this problem quickly, efficiently, and accurately is therefore of great importance. The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method has proven to be a fundamental and an effective tool which is flexible enough to allow modifications for improving its convergence properties. In this paper we propose a new algorithm for solving an unconstrained optimization problems in noisy environments which combines the SGD with a modified momentum term using a twopoint step size estimation in the Barzilai-Borwein (BB) framework. We perform a high probability analysis for the proposed algorithm and we establish its convergence under the standard assumptions. Numerical experiments demonstrate a promising behavior of the proposed method compared to the "vanilla" SGD with momentum in noise-free and in noisy environment when the objective function is scaled.
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    FUZZY IDEALS IN (n + k, n)-SEMIGROUPS
    (Union of Mathematicians of Macedonia, 2022)
    Valentina Miovska, Delcho Leshkovski, Vesna Celakoska-Jordanova
    In this paper we introduce the concepts of fuzzy subset of vector valued groupoid (semigroup), as well as fuzzy subgroupoid, fuzzy subsemi￾group, fuzzy i-ideal (ideal) and bi-ideal of vector valued groupoid (semigroup), investigate their properties and present suitable examples. Prime and fuzzy prime, semiprime and fuzzy semiprime subsets of vector valued groupoids are defined and their properties are investigated. We characterize the Green's relations J_{i} on a vector valued semigroup S in terms of fuzzy subsets. Green's relations J_{i}^{F} on S are suitably defined and it is shown that they coincide with the relation J_{i} on S.
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    PROPRETIES OF THE K-TH UPPER ORDER STATISTICS PROCESS THROUGH AN EXAMPLE
    (Union of Mathematicians of Macedonia, 2019)
    Aneta Gacovska-Barandovska
    The author has previously considered the asymptotic be havior of upper order statistics with central rank of a sample with deterministic size and of randomly indexed upper order statistics. In this paper, by using regular norming time-space changes, a theoretical example has been constructed in order to illustrate some of the ob tained properties of the k-th upper order statistics process.
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    On limit laws for central order statistics under power normalization
    (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, 2015)
    Elisaveta I. Pancheva, Aneta Gacovska-Barandovska
    Smirnov (1949) derived four limit classes of distributions for linearly normalized central order statistics. In this paper we investigate the possible limit distributions of the k-th upper order statistics with central rank using regular power norming sequences and obtain twelve limit classes.
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    Asymptotic behavior of central order statistics under monotone normalization
    (Elsevier, SIAM, 2014)
    Pancheva, E.I. Gacovska, A.
    Smirnov [Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov., 25 (1949), pp. 3-60 (in Russian); Amer. Math. Transl., 67 (1952) (in English)] derived four limit types of distributions for linearly normalized central order statistics under the weak convergence. In this paper we investigate the possible limit distributions of the kth upper order statistics with central rank using monotone regular norming sequences and obtain 13 possible types.
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    Randomly Indexed Central Order Statistics
    (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2013)
    Gacovska, Aneta Pancheva, Elisaveta I.
    In our paper from 2012 we have considered the upper order statistics with central rank of sample with deterministic size. Here we investigate the asymptotic behaviour of randomly indexed upper order statistics using regular norming time-space changes.
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    Determining Value at Risk using Extreme Value Theory on a Financial Data Set
    (Union of Mathematicians of Macedonia, 2023-11-28)
    Stevo Gjorgiev, Aneta Gacovska - Barandovska
    Extreme value theory has a wide range of applications. The paper considers application of extreme value theory in the area of nancial ows. Our data set has been processed using two di erent methods, block maxima and peak over the threshold method. We compare the obtained results for the risk measures and draw conclusions on the behavior of the nancial ows for di erent time intervals.