Faculty of Medicine
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Item type:Publication, Anatomical features and variations of the vertebrobasilar system(Firenze University Press, 2024-09-04); ; ; ; The posterior circulation of the brain constitutes the vertebrobasilar system and its branches, which are responsible for about 20% of the brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of the vertebrobasilar system. We examined radiographs of 103 patients, 58 male and 45 females, age range from 25 - 82, mean age 58.4 years who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Institute for Radiology in Skopje, Macedonia. The left vertebral artery arose from the left subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the right subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin of the left vertebral artery from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% and in one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery. The diameter of the vertebral artery was 3.20 ± 0.74 mm on the right side and 3.33 ± 0.76 mm on the left side. The mean length of the basilar artery was 31.60 ± 5.1 mm (from 21.4 mm to 44.1 mm). The mean diameter of the basilar artery was 3.27 ± 0.52 mm (from 2.22 to 4.87 mm). Most of the SCA arise from the basilar artery as a single vessel. The most common variations of the SCA were duplication (frequency 1.94% on right and 0.97% on left) and origin from PCA (frequency 1.94% bilateral). In four patients (3.88%) we found fenestrations of posterior brain circulation, three fenestrations (2.91%) was on the basilar artery and one fenestration (0.97%) was on the vertebral artery. In one patient persistent trigeminal artery was found. A sound knowledge of vertebrobasilar system anatomy and variations is important during diagnostic, operative and endovascular procedures. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Origin of the vertebral artery examined with CTA(Czech Anatomical Society, 2021-09-09); ; ; ; The vertebral artery and its branches are target of arteriographic investigations, ultrasound and Doppler visualization, MRI and CT imaging in many contemporary diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study was to examine vertebral artery origin, as well as its variations, and to emphasize their clinical importance. We examined radiographs of patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. Macedonia. The study population included 103 patients, 58 males and 45 females, age range from 25-82, mean age 58.4 years. The left vertebral artery arose from the left subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the right subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin of the left vertebral artery from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% of the patients. In one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery in combination with an aberrant right subclavian artery. Although anatomically interesting, an awareness of the vertebral artery anatomy and variations is clinically important. A precise understanding of the vertebral artery anatomy is fundamental for planning and performing endovascular procedures and neuro-interventions, as well as for the accurate interpretation of ischemic areas. For the anatomists, the results obtained from this study present valuable teaching material for students and postgraduates. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Incidence of left vertebral artery origin directly from the aortic arch(Faculty of Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2023-03-31) - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Clinical significance of the vertebral artery hypoplasia(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2013); ; ; ; Because of their anatomical localization, vertebral arteries were neglected in research for a long period of time. Vertebral arteries are responsible for about 30% of the brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to analyze the normal and variable dimensions of the vertebral artery size such as hypoplasia and aplasia, and to emphasize the clinical importance of these congenital variations. For the purpose of this study we examined radiographs of 30 patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. Macedonia. We analyzed CT reports for the diameter of the vertebral artery. The diameter of the left vertebral artery was from 1.6-5.20 mm, average 3.35 mm. The diameter of the right vertebral artery was from 1.64-5.40 mm, average 3.19 mm. Hypoplasia of the vessel was found in four patients. We found no aplasia of the vessel in this series. Vertebral artery hypoplasia is common in the Macedonian population and can be reliably diagnosed on CT scans. Our study has highlighted the clinical significance of vertebral artery hypoplasia in stroke and migraine. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomical Characteristics of the Vertebral Artery Examined with CTA(Македонско Лекарско Друштво, 2020); ; ; Objectives: The vertebral artery and its branches are target of arteriographic investigations, ultrasound and Doppler visualization, MRI and CT imaging in many contemporary diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study was to examine vertebral artery anatomy, as well as its variations, and to emphasize their clinical importance. Material and Methods: We examined radiographs of patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. Macedonia. The study population included 103 patients, 58 male and 45 females, age range from 25-82, mean age 58.4 years. Results: The left vertebral artery arose from the subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% of the patients of the left side. In one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery in combination with an aberrant right subclavian artery. The diameter of the left vertebral artery at its origin was in range between 1.63 – 4.80 mm, mean 3.33 ± 0.76 mm, and of the right vertebral artery was from 1.60 – 5.0 mm, mean 3.20 ± 0.74 mm. Straight course of the left and right vertebral artery was noticed in 69.90%, 70.87%, respectively. Tortyosity of the left and right vertebral artery was observed in 30.09% and 29.12%, respectively. The left vertebral artery entered the C6 transverse foramen in 92.23% and the right vertebral artery in 94.17%. Abnormal entrance was observed in 7.76% of the left vertebral artery and in 5.82% of the right vertebral artery, with entrance into the C4, C5 or C7 transverse foramen. Conclusion: Although anatomically interesting, an awareness of the vertebral artery anatomy and variations is clinically important. A precise understanding of the vertebral artery anatomy is fundamental for planning and performing endovascular procedures and neuro-interventions, as well as for the accurate interpretation of ischemic areas. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anomalous origin of the vertebral artery(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2010); ; ; The posterior circulation of the brain consists of the vertebrobasilar system and its branches. Vertebral arteries are responsible for about 30% of brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to examine the origin of the vertebral artery and to present the anatomic variations of the vertebral artery origin as well as the percentage of their appearance in the population. Material and methods: The origin of the vertebral artery was investigated in 30 patients; a total of 60 vertebral arteries were examined with CT angiography and DSA by Seldinger technique. Results: Abnormal origin of the vertebral artery was found in one (3.3%) patient. Vertebral artery originated directly from the aortic arch, as a second branch between left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery. Conclusion: Real abnormality of the origin of the vertebral artery is rare; in our series it was found in 3.3% of the cases. The described variations of the vertebral artery origin are not only interesting from the anatomical point of view, but they also find clinical applications in the surgery and diagnostic and therapeutic radiology. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Variation in level of entry of the vertebral artery into the transverse foramen(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2011); ; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomy and variations in the origin of the vertebral artery(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2011); ; ; ; The vertebral artery (a. vertebralis, VA) is classically described as the first branch of the ipsilateral subclavian artery (a. subclavia), but multiple variations in the origin of that vessel have been reported in the literature. This examination was made on 110 unselected human hearts without pathoanatomical changes, obtained after autopsy of newborns, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Standard anatomical methods, inspection and dissection were used for the analyzing of the origin of a. vertebralis. The analysis showed that 102 of the specimens (92.7%) had the usual pattern of the aortic arch and its branches, with the usual topographic relations. In three of the specimens (2.7%) a. vertebralis sinistra had a separate origin between a. carotis communis sinistra and a.subclavia sinistra. In one specimen a. vertebralis sinistra had a separate origin as the fourth branch between a. carotis communis sinistra and a. subclavia sinistra and there was a fifth branch originating distal to a. subclavia sinistra. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Tortuosity of the vertebral artery(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2011); ; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomical features and clinical importance of the vertebral artery(2012-10-15); The vertebral artery and its branches are target of arteriographic investigations, ultrasound and Doppler visualization, MRI and CT imaging in many contemporary diagnostic procedures. The big horizon of procedures in the interventional and diagnostic radiology, orthopedic and surgery opens new avenues for the study of anatomy and especially variations of the vertebral artery and its branches. The aim of the present report is to give a summary of the vertebral artery anatomy as well as its variations, and to emphasize there clinical importance.