Faculty of Medicine
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Item type:Publication, Anatomical features and variations of the vertebrobasilar system(Firenze University Press, 2024-09-04); ; ; ; The posterior circulation of the brain constitutes the vertebrobasilar system and its branches, which are responsible for about 20% of the brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of the vertebrobasilar system. We examined radiographs of 103 patients, 58 male and 45 females, age range from 25 - 82, mean age 58.4 years who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Institute for Radiology in Skopje, Macedonia. The left vertebral artery arose from the left subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the right subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin of the left vertebral artery from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% and in one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery. The diameter of the vertebral artery was 3.20 ± 0.74 mm on the right side and 3.33 ± 0.76 mm on the left side. The mean length of the basilar artery was 31.60 ± 5.1 mm (from 21.4 mm to 44.1 mm). The mean diameter of the basilar artery was 3.27 ± 0.52 mm (from 2.22 to 4.87 mm). Most of the SCA arise from the basilar artery as a single vessel. The most common variations of the SCA were duplication (frequency 1.94% on right and 0.97% on left) and origin from PCA (frequency 1.94% bilateral). In four patients (3.88%) we found fenestrations of posterior brain circulation, three fenestrations (2.91%) was on the basilar artery and one fenestration (0.97%) was on the vertebral artery. In one patient persistent trigeminal artery was found. A sound knowledge of vertebrobasilar system anatomy and variations is important during diagnostic, operative and endovascular procedures. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Origin of left common carotid artery examined with CTA(Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis Galaksijanis Nis, 2023-09-21); ; ; ; Introduction: The aortic arch usually gives rise to three major branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. The left common carotid artery is the second and longest branch of the aortic arch; it ascends from the apex of the arch to the left carotid bifurcation in the neck, which typically occurs between the third and fourth midcervical vertebral bodies. The aim of this study was to describe the variations in origin of left common carotid artery and to emphasize their clinical significance. Materials and methods: We examined radiographs of 103 patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, RN Macedonia. The study population included 103 patients, 58 male and 45 females, age range from 25 - 82, mean age 58.4 years. Results: The left common carotid artery arose from the aortic arch in 88 patients (85.43%). In 15 patients (14.56%) we found atypical arisen of the left common carotid artery from the brachiocephalic trunk. Conclusion: Although anatomically interesting, an awareness of the left common carotid artery anatomy and variations is clinically important. A sound knowledge of left common carotid artery anatomy and variations is important during diagnostic, endovascular and surgical procedures. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Origin of the vertebral artery examined with CTA(Czech Anatomical Society, 2021-09-09); ; ; ; The vertebral artery and its branches are target of arteriographic investigations, ultrasound and Doppler visualization, MRI and CT imaging in many contemporary diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study was to examine vertebral artery origin, as well as its variations, and to emphasize their clinical importance. We examined radiographs of patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. Macedonia. The study population included 103 patients, 58 males and 45 females, age range from 25-82, mean age 58.4 years. The left vertebral artery arose from the left subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the right subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin of the left vertebral artery from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% of the patients. In one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery in combination with an aberrant right subclavian artery. Although anatomically interesting, an awareness of the vertebral artery anatomy and variations is clinically important. A precise understanding of the vertebral artery anatomy is fundamental for planning and performing endovascular procedures and neuro-interventions, as well as for the accurate interpretation of ischemic areas. For the anatomists, the results obtained from this study present valuable teaching material for students and postgraduates. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Incidence of left vertebral artery origin directly from the aortic arch(Faculty of Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2023-03-31) - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Atypical origin of arteria carotis communis sinistra.(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2013); ; ; The most frequent variation of the origin of a. carotis communis sinistra is its common trunk with truncus brachiocephalicus, or as a branch arising from the truncus. The aim of this study was to present the variation of the origin of a. carotis communis sinistra from the aortic arch. The examination was made on 110 unselected human hearts without pathoanatomical changes, obtained after autopsy of newborns, fixed in 10% formaldehyde, at the Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Skopje. The hearts were taken with the aortic arch, proximal part of thoracic aorta and lig. arteriosum. Standard anatomical methods, inspection and dissection, were used for analyzing the origin of a. carotis communis sinistra from the aortic arch. The awareness of vascular variations is imperative in diagnostic procedures and in planning surgical interventions during clinical practice. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomy and clinical significance of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2016); ; ; ; With the introduction of new techniques in diagnostic and interventional radiology and progress in micro neurosurgery, accurate knowledge of the brain blood vessels is essential in daily clinical work. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical characteristics of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and to emphasize their clinical significance. In this study we examined radiographs of 103 patients who had CT angiography at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. Macedonia. This study included 45 females and 58 males, age range from 25 to 82 years; mean age 58.4±13.2 years. The outer diameter of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery at its origin on the left side was in the range between 0.46 - 2.80 mm, mean 1.24 ± 0.42 mm. The outer diameter of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery on the right side was in the range between 0.54 - 2.50 mm, mean 1.18 ± 0.40 mm. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery is important for clinicians as well as for basic scientists who deal with problems related to intracranial vasculature on daily basis for safe performance of diagnostic and interventional procedures. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomical Characteristics of the Vertebral Artery Examined with CTA(Македонско Лекарско Друштво, 2020); ; ; Objectives: The vertebral artery and its branches are target of arteriographic investigations, ultrasound and Doppler visualization, MRI and CT imaging in many contemporary diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study was to examine vertebral artery anatomy, as well as its variations, and to emphasize their clinical importance. Material and Methods: We examined radiographs of patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. Macedonia. The study population included 103 patients, 58 male and 45 females, age range from 25-82, mean age 58.4 years. Results: The left vertebral artery arose from the subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% of the patients of the left side. In one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery in combination with an aberrant right subclavian artery. The diameter of the left vertebral artery at its origin was in range between 1.63 – 4.80 mm, mean 3.33 ± 0.76 mm, and of the right vertebral artery was from 1.60 – 5.0 mm, mean 3.20 ± 0.74 mm. Straight course of the left and right vertebral artery was noticed in 69.90%, 70.87%, respectively. Tortyosity of the left and right vertebral artery was observed in 30.09% and 29.12%, respectively. The left vertebral artery entered the C6 transverse foramen in 92.23% and the right vertebral artery in 94.17%. Abnormal entrance was observed in 7.76% of the left vertebral artery and in 5.82% of the right vertebral artery, with entrance into the C4, C5 or C7 transverse foramen. Conclusion: Although anatomically interesting, an awareness of the vertebral artery anatomy and variations is clinically important. A precise understanding of the vertebral artery anatomy is fundamental for planning and performing endovascular procedures and neuro-interventions, as well as for the accurate interpretation of ischemic areas. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomy and Variations of the Vertebrobasilar System Examined with Digital Substraction Angiography(John Wiley &Sons, Ltd, 2019-08); ; ; ; The posterior circulation of the brain constitutes the vertebrobasilar system and its branches, which are responsible for about 30% of the brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to examine the anatomy and variations of vertebrobasilar system with DS angiography. We examined radiographs of 55 patients who had DS angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje. This study was approved of the Macedonian Ethical Committee. The study population included 27 male and 28 females, age range from 18-79, mean age 51.09 years. The left VA originated from the subclavian artery in 96.36% and in 3.63% had variable origin from the aortic arch. The right VA without exception had origin from the subclavian artery in 100%. Most of the SCA arise from the basilar artery as a single vessel (92.7% on right and 94.5% on left). The most common variations of the SCA were duplication (frequency 3.63% on right and 1.81% on left) and origin from PCA (frequency 3.63% bilateral). Adult configuration of PCA was present in 74.54%; fetal configuration was present in 20% and transitional configuration was present in 5.45% of the patients on the left side. On the right side adult configuration was present in 83.63%; fetal configuration was present in 14.54% and transitional configuration was present in 1.81% of the patients.Through knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the vertebrobasilar system is important to clinicians on daily basis for save performance of diagnostic and interventional procedures in radiology and for surgeons during planning and accomplishing surgical interventions. For the anatomists, the results obtained from this study present valuable teaching material for students and postgraduates. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Morphological characteristics of circulus arteriosus cerebri - Circle of Willis(Институт за јавно здравје на Република Македонија = Institute of public health of Republic of Macedonia, 2012); ; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomy and variations in the origin of the vertebral artery(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2011); ; ; ; The vertebral artery (a. vertebralis, VA) is classically described as the first branch of the ipsilateral subclavian artery (a. subclavia), but multiple variations in the origin of that vessel have been reported in the literature. This examination was made on 110 unselected human hearts without pathoanatomical changes, obtained after autopsy of newborns, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. Standard anatomical methods, inspection and dissection were used for the analyzing of the origin of a. vertebralis. The analysis showed that 102 of the specimens (92.7%) had the usual pattern of the aortic arch and its branches, with the usual topographic relations. In three of the specimens (2.7%) a. vertebralis sinistra had a separate origin between a. carotis communis sinistra and a.subclavia sinistra. In one specimen a. vertebralis sinistra had a separate origin as the fourth branch between a. carotis communis sinistra and a. subclavia sinistra and there was a fifth branch originating distal to a. subclavia sinistra.