Faculty of Medicine
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Item type:Publication, Anatomical features and variations of the vertebrobasilar system(Firenze University Press, 2024-09-04); ; ; ; The posterior circulation of the brain constitutes the vertebrobasilar system and its branches, which are responsible for about 20% of the brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of the vertebrobasilar system. We examined radiographs of 103 patients, 58 male and 45 females, age range from 25 - 82, mean age 58.4 years who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Institute for Radiology in Skopje, Macedonia. The left vertebral artery arose from the left subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the right subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin of the left vertebral artery from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% and in one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery. The diameter of the vertebral artery was 3.20 ± 0.74 mm on the right side and 3.33 ± 0.76 mm on the left side. The mean length of the basilar artery was 31.60 ± 5.1 mm (from 21.4 mm to 44.1 mm). The mean diameter of the basilar artery was 3.27 ± 0.52 mm (from 2.22 to 4.87 mm). Most of the SCA arise from the basilar artery as a single vessel. The most common variations of the SCA were duplication (frequency 1.94% on right and 0.97% on left) and origin from PCA (frequency 1.94% bilateral). In four patients (3.88%) we found fenestrations of posterior brain circulation, three fenestrations (2.91%) was on the basilar artery and one fenestration (0.97%) was on the vertebral artery. In one patient persistent trigeminal artery was found. A sound knowledge of vertebrobasilar system anatomy and variations is important during diagnostic, operative and endovascular procedures. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Origin of left common carotid artery examined with CTA(Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis Galaksijanis Nis, 2023-09-21); ; ; ; Introduction: The aortic arch usually gives rise to three major branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. The left common carotid artery is the second and longest branch of the aortic arch; it ascends from the apex of the arch to the left carotid bifurcation in the neck, which typically occurs between the third and fourth midcervical vertebral bodies. The aim of this study was to describe the variations in origin of left common carotid artery and to emphasize their clinical significance. Materials and methods: We examined radiographs of 103 patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, RN Macedonia. The study population included 103 patients, 58 male and 45 females, age range from 25 - 82, mean age 58.4 years. Results: The left common carotid artery arose from the aortic arch in 88 patients (85.43%). In 15 patients (14.56%) we found atypical arisen of the left common carotid artery from the brachiocephalic trunk. Conclusion: Although anatomically interesting, an awareness of the left common carotid artery anatomy and variations is clinically important. A sound knowledge of left common carotid artery anatomy and variations is important during diagnostic, endovascular and surgical procedures. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Origin of the vertebral artery examined with CTA(Czech Anatomical Society, 2021-09-09); ; ; ; The vertebral artery and its branches are target of arteriographic investigations, ultrasound and Doppler visualization, MRI and CT imaging in many contemporary diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study was to examine vertebral artery origin, as well as its variations, and to emphasize their clinical importance. We examined radiographs of patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. Macedonia. The study population included 103 patients, 58 males and 45 females, age range from 25-82, mean age 58.4 years. The left vertebral artery arose from the left subclavian artery in 94.17% and the right vertebral artery had origin from the right subclavian artery in 99.02%. Variable origin of the left vertebral artery from the aortic arch was noticed in 5.82% of the patients. In one patient (0.97%) we found atypical arisen of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery in combination with an aberrant right subclavian artery. Although anatomically interesting, an awareness of the vertebral artery anatomy and variations is clinically important. A precise understanding of the vertebral artery anatomy is fundamental for planning and performing endovascular procedures and neuro-interventions, as well as for the accurate interpretation of ischemic areas. For the anatomists, the results obtained from this study present valuable teaching material for students and postgraduates. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Incidence of left vertebral artery origin directly from the aortic arch(Faculty of Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2023-03-31) - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomy and Variations of the Vertebrobasilar System Examined with Digital Substraction Angiography(John Wiley &Sons, Ltd, 2019-08); ; ; ; The posterior circulation of the brain constitutes the vertebrobasilar system and its branches, which are responsible for about 30% of the brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to examine the anatomy and variations of vertebrobasilar system with DS angiography. We examined radiographs of 55 patients who had DS angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as a part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje. This study was approved of the Macedonian Ethical Committee. The study population included 27 male and 28 females, age range from 18-79, mean age 51.09 years. The left VA originated from the subclavian artery in 96.36% and in 3.63% had variable origin from the aortic arch. The right VA without exception had origin from the subclavian artery in 100%. Most of the SCA arise from the basilar artery as a single vessel (92.7% on right and 94.5% on left). The most common variations of the SCA were duplication (frequency 3.63% on right and 1.81% on left) and origin from PCA (frequency 3.63% bilateral). Adult configuration of PCA was present in 74.54%; fetal configuration was present in 20% and transitional configuration was present in 5.45% of the patients on the left side. On the right side adult configuration was present in 83.63%; fetal configuration was present in 14.54% and transitional configuration was present in 1.81% of the patients.Through knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the vertebrobasilar system is important to clinicians on daily basis for save performance of diagnostic and interventional procedures in radiology and for surgeons during planning and accomplishing surgical interventions. For the anatomists, the results obtained from this study present valuable teaching material for students and postgraduates. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomical variations of the aortic arch.(Macedonian Association of Anatomists, 2018); ; ; ; Petrovska, TanjaAnatomical variations of the aortic arch and its branches can have important implications on prognosis and management of surgical interventions, as well as on radiological diagnostics and interventional radiology. The presence and the pattern of arch variants may increase the technical difficulty of surgical procedures, thus detailed evaluation of aortic arch anatomy is important for planning thoracic surgeryand endovascular interventions. The aim of this study was to present the anatomical variations of the aortic arch and its branches in a large group of patients using CTA and consequently to obtain data on their representation in our population. The study population included 550 patients with referral diagnoses requiring CTA chest radiography, which visualizes the aortic arch. The anatomic features of the aortic architselfand supra-aortic vesselswere analyzed, and anatomical variations were recorded on each CT image.The results showed that 91.3% of the patients had the usual pattern of the aortic arch, 8.7% had variations in the number of the supra-aortic vessels. The most common variation of the number of the aortic arch branches was their reduction to two, with left common carotid arteryarising from brachiocephalic trunk(5.63%). The knowledge of the anatomy of the aortic arch and its branches and identification of arch anomalies allow accurate surgical and intervention planning and helps avoiding potential complications. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Morphological characteristics of the superior cerebellar artery(Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2015); ; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Posterior cerebral artery – variation in the origin and clinical significance(Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2014-04-01); ; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Anatomy of coronary sinus ostium(VM Media sp. z o.o. VM Group sp.k., Grupa Via Medica, 2016); ; ; Background: The coronary sinus is the main cardiac vein and it has become a clinically important structure especially through its role in providing access for different cardiac procedures. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 100 randomly selected adult human cadaver hearts fixed in 10% formalin. The transverse and craniocaudal diameters of the coronary sinus ostium (CSO) were directly measured. The presence of the Thebesian valve was noted and the anatomical details of the valve were documented in each case in terms of the shape and extent of coverage of the CSO. Results: Considerable variations in the diameter of the CSO were observed. The mean craniocaudal diameter of the CSO was 8.1 ± 1.51 mm, and the mean transverse diameter was 7.67 ± 1.72 mm. Heart specimens without Thebesian valve tended to have larger ostia. The mean craniocaudal diameter and the mean transverse diameter of the CSO were statistically larger in the specimens without Thebesian valves (p = 0.000 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The Thebesian valves were observed in 86 hearts, and a wide variety of their morphology was seen. The majority of the Thebesian valves were semilunar in shape (74.42%). The extent to which the valve covered the ostium was variable, including remnant valves that covered < 15% of the CSO (35%), and valves that were large and covered at least 75% of the CSO (22.09%). In 3 specimens the valve completely occluded the ostium. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Morphological characteristics of the first part of the vertebral artery(Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2011); ; ; Aliji, VjolcaBecause of their anatomical localization, vertebral arteries were neglected in research for a long period of time. Vertebral arteries are responsible for about 30% of the brain blood supply. The aim of this study was to examine the vertebral artery’s course in the first segment, and to define the anatomic variations and percentage of their appearance in the adult population using CT angiography. The data derived from this study may find useful application in a wide range of medical fields, such as anatomy, radiology and surgery. For that purpose during a 6-month period we examined 30 patients with CT angiography. The origin of the vertebral artery in all 30 patients was from the subclavian artery. The diameter of the left vertebral artery was from 1.6– 5.20 mm., average 3.35 mm. The diameter of the right vertebral artery was from 1.64– 5.40 mm., average 3.19 mm. Hypoplasia of the vessel was found in four patients. We found no aplasia of the vessel in this series. A contorted course was found in 12 (40%) patients. In all 30 (100%) patients the vertebral artery entered the foramen transversum at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. Although the incidence of anatomical variations is rare, their presence is significant in the diagnostic and surgical procedures in the head and neck region. Insufficient knowledge can lead to serious iatrogenic injures.