Faculty of Medicine

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    Correlation of serum levels of inflammatory cytokines with severe form of cholecystitis
    (Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2022)
    Spasovski, Zharko
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    Novevska Petrovska, Biljana
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    Stojanoski, Sashko
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    Introduction: Cholecystitis is an inflammatory response of the body triggered by a number of mutually supporting biological mechanisms, which by creating and releasing inflammatory mediators - cytokines activate the innate or acquired immune system, which leads to neutralization of the harmful stimulus and initiation of the process of repair and regeneration of damaged tissue or its continuation as a long-term chronic process with simultaneous tissue destruction and reparation. Material and methods: The study was conducted at the General City Hospital (GCH) "8th September" in Skopje and the Institute of Immunology and Human Genetics in Skopje, in the period of 2020-2022. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with the statistical package SPSS for Windows 26.0. Results: The study included 165 subjects with gallbladder inflammation divided into 3 groups: mild, moderate and severe inflammation grade. Patients with mild, moderate, and severe inflammatory processes differed significantly in IgG levels (p = 0.049), IgA (p = 0.021), and IgM (p = 0.016) and insignificantly in IgE1 levels (p = 0.16). Patients with a severe inflammatory process had a higher prevalence of IL-2R and IL-8 than patients with a mild grade (p = 0.035; p = 0.26, respectively). The intensity of inflammatory process had a nonsignificant effect on the levels of TNF-alpha (p = 0.078), and a significant effect on the levels of fibrinogen (p = 0.001), with significantly higher levels of fibrinogen in the group of patients with severe inflammatory process compared to the group with mild grade (p = 0.0009). Conclusion: The intensity of inflammatory process affects the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines with presence of strong correlation between the severe form of cholecystitis and elevated serum levels of certain inflammatory cytokines.
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    The Role of Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6 in the Development of Acute Myocardial Infarction
    (2023-08-26)
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    Elizabeta Srbinovska-Kostovska
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    Slavica Josifovska
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    Certain cytokines as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are produced by the neutrophils and macrophages localized in the atheromatous plaques. The levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 are found to be significantly increased in patients with ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). In a group of 38 patients with STEMI, the levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 were determined in the coronary circulation (CC) by analysis of aspirates from the culprit lesions and the levels of these inflammatory markers in the systemic (peripheral) circulation (SC) during STEMI and six months after STEMI. Coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were performed in all patients and the levels of cytokines were determined by the ELISA method. By examining the levels of IL-1ß and IL-6, the aim of this study was to determine their predictive value in short-term prognosis. In the acute phase (STEMI) there was a statistically significant difference between the mean values of IL-1ß (p=0, 000000) and IL-6 (p=0, 026204) in the samples of CC and SC, respectively. Results from the six months of follow-up showed that there were statistically no significant differences between the mean values of IL-1ß and IL-6 in the CC and SC. Moderate and low-positive correlation between the mean values of IL-1ß (r=0,6816; p=0,000) and IL-6 (r=0,4291; p=0,000) in CC and SC was observed at the sixth month of follow-up. In conclusion, our results confirm that IL-1ß and IL-6 are linked to the progression of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and should be considered as predictive markers.