Faculty of Medicine

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Ethnic differences in nutritional status in adolescents from Republic of North Macedonia
(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2024-10-24)
Stojnoska Bojadzieva, Biljana
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The aim of the study was to evaluateethnic differences of nutritional status among the adolescents from Republic of North Macedonia. This study included 2386 adolescents (1762 of Macedonian ethnic group and 624 of Albanian ethnic group) of both sexes, at the age from 11 to 18 years.Body height and weight were measured using standard equipment and measurement technique. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m2)as anthropometric indicator for evaluating nutritional status in adolescents. We found ethnic differences in nutritional status in both male and female adolescents of both Macedonian and Albanian ethnic group. The percent of underweightadolescentsin the first group at the age from 11 to 14 years and in the second group at the age from 15 to 18 years was higher in Albanian adolescents in both sexes. On the other hand males and females of Macedonian ethnic group werewith higher percent with risk of obesityand overweightwith BMI≥95th percentile. There were statisticallysignificant differences in nutritional status in adolescents of both ethnic groups in Republic of North Macedoniaand the obtained values in our study are recommended to be applied for better understanding of deviations in growth and nutrition in both ethnic groups.
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IMPACT OF AWARENESS-RAISING CAMPAIGN ON PREVENTION OF PYROTECHNIC-RELATED HAND INJURIES IN NORTH MACEDONIA DURING CHRISTMAS HOLIDAYS
(Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2023-04)
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Kochoska, Renata
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Aleksovski, Darko
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Hadzitrifon, Sara
Firecrackers and other pyrotechnic materials are used worldwide to celebrate national, religious, cultural festivals and holidays. In our country the use of firecrackers is usually during the holiday season, particularly during New Year's and Christmas days. The majority of users of firecrackers are adolescents who want to make the celebration more exciting, not being aware of the harmful effects and severe injures they can get by using pyrotechnics. The injuries caused by using pyrotechnics can vary from moderate such as first or second-degree burns to severe injuries like traumatic amputation of the fingers and hand, resulting in life-long mutilation. These injuries are expected to have long-term functional and psychological sequalae. Precisely because of that, our clinic started an awareness-raising campaign on prevention of pyrotechnic-hand injuries (PPH campaign) named "Don't let the firecrackers ruin your holidays”. The aim of this article is to present the impact of our PPH campaign in awareness raising against the use of pyrotechnic explosives and prevention of severe hand injuries by educating 15-16-year-old students about the dangers of using pyrotechnics and emphasizing the complexity of the hand and its importance in everyday life. In our study we used an anonymous questionnaire in order to see what was the impact of our presentation and discussions on students during the PPH campaign. From our 5-year experience with this type of campaign, we can see that awareness campaigns gave excellent results in decreasing the number of hand injuries. Therefore, our goal is this PPH awareness–raising campaign to be organized every year for generations to come.
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SEX AND AGE DIFFERENCES OF THE SOMATOTYPE IN MACEDONIAN ADOLESCENT POPULATION
(EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ANATOMY (EACA), 2019)
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Introduction: Changes in somatotype in child and adolescent period of growth and development will contribute for better understanding of variations in body shape and composition in adult period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the somatotype in Macedonian adolescent population. Material and methods: This study included 895 adolescent students (475 males and 420 females) at the age of 15 to 18 years. Ten anthropometric parameters: body height, weight, elbow and knee diameter, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and calf skinfold, arm and calf circumferences were measured to assess the somatotype according to Heat–Carter somatotyping method. For evaluation of somatotype software package Somatotype-Calculation and Analysis V1.1.Monte Goulding, Sweat Technologies, Mitchell Park, South Australia was used. Testing of sex and age-specific differences was done with analysis of variance. Differences for p <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The results obtained shows a significant sex difference (p<0.05) for mesomorph component in all age groups and for ectomorph component at the age of 17 years in favor of males, and for endomorph component at the age of 15, 16 and 17 years in favor of females. In all age groups the most of females were more endomorphic ( balanced endomorph and mesomorphic endomorph). In males most of the participants belonged to mesomorph-endomorh and endomorphic mesomorph somatotype. Conclusions: We found sex differences of somatotypes in Macedonian adolescents 15 to 18-years old. The obtained values can be use in physic investigations for better understanding of changes in body composition between both sexes.
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Body Height, Weight and Body Mass Index in Macedonian Adolescents
(Македонско Лекарско Друштво, 2020)
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Objectives: Anthropometric measurements, especially in the period of childhood and adolescence are good indicators of health and nutrition of youth population. The aim of this study was to evaluate sex and age-specific differences of body height, weight and body mass index in Macedonian adolescents at the age 11 to 18 years. Material and Methods: This study included 2390 adolescent students (1238 males and 1152 females), from primary schools and high schools in four cities the Macedonia. Body height and body weight were measured and BMI was calculated (kg/m2). For the aim of categorization of the anthropometric indices’ values (height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI), percentile cut-off points were used: < 5th percentile; from the 15th to 85th percentile; from 85th to 95th percentile and above the 95th percentile. Results: Between the sexes after the age of 13 years until 18 years mean values for body height was higher in males and we found significant differences for p<0.05. Sex differences were significant for body weight from the age of 12 to the age of 18 years in favor of males. The values of body mass index increased with the age in both sexes. BMI showed higher values for cut-off points for 50-th percentile in favor of males in all age groups but without significant differences. Conclusion: The found values are recommended to be applied for evaluation of deviations in growth and nutrition in 11- years-old to 18-years-old Macedonian adolescents.
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Indicators of abdominal obesity: waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio in adolescence of North Macedonia
(Macedonian Association of Anatomists, 2021-04-02)
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Obesity in children and adolescents in the world is reaching a scale of an epidemic. It is considered the most widespread disease in children in many countries, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study was to define WC and WHR among Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 14 years. A cross-sectional study was performed in 2013-2015, comprising a sample of 1267 adolescents of the Republic of Macedonia aged 11 to 14 years; 646 males and 621 females. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured and percentiles were calculated using Cole’s Lambda, Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. The relation between WHR and general obesity, as defined by the International Obesity Task Force, was investigated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The boys had statistically significant higher values in all anthropometric measures, except in HC where statistically significant gender differences were not found. BMI, WC, and HC increased with the age. The obtained reference percentile curves can be used temporarily for obesity screening in children and adolescents.
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Socioeconomic status hypothesis in asthma and eczema in young adolescents
(The Balkan Societies of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 2006)
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Stavric, Katerina
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Seckova, Lidija
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Kimovska, Milica
Background: As studies in different populations have shown conflicting results about the relationship between asthma and socioeconomic status and its association with eczema has been less extensively studied, the study was aimed to explore the socioeconomic status hypothesis in asthma and eczema in young adolescents in the Republic of Macedonia. Methods: The self-reported data from 3026 children aged 13/14 years from randomly selected schools in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia, were obtained through the standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three written questionnaires. Family size, mother’s educational level, tobacco smoke at home, wood/coal/oil heating at home and body mass index, as some socioeconomic status measures, were statistically correlated to asthma and eczema symptoms by odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (OR, 95% CI) in binary logistic regression. Results: Small families and overweight significantly increased the risk of ever-diagnosed asthma (OR 2.160, 95% CI 1.110-4.203 P=0.023 and OR 2.085, 95% CI 1.109-3.922 P=0.023, respectively). As well overweight was significantly associated with increased risk of current night cough (OR 1.365, 95% CI 1.053-1.771 P=0.019), while mother’s university education with decreased risk of the same symptom (OR 0.759, 95% CI 0.620-0.930 P=0.008). A significant association between the severity of asthma, eczema and investigated measures of socioeconomic status was not found. Conclusion: The results support the positive association between socioeconomic status and asthma only, without any effect of socioeconomic status on asthma severity and eczema.
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Overweight hypothesis in asthma and eczema in young adolescents
(Elsevier BV, 2006)
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Stavric, Katerina
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Seckova, Lidija
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Kimovska, Milica
BACKGROUND: A positive association between body mass index (BMI) and allergic diseases has recently been suggested; however the sex-dependence of this association remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between BMI and asthma and eczema, as well as its sex-dependence in young adolescents. METHODS: Self-reported data obtained through the standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three written questionnaires of 2926 young adolescents aged 13-14 years old from randomly selected schools in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia) were used. The BMI for each individual was calculated and used-both unadjusted and adjusted for confounding factors-as a variable for analysis. The international cut-off points for BMI for overweight and obesity by sex and age were used. Because of the very low prevalence of obesity (1.5 %), obese respondents were included in the overweight group. The data were statistically analyzed by the chi-square test, the t-test for independent samples and odds ratios (OR, 95 % CI) in binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Being overweight was significantly associated with an increased risk of having a dry night cough without a cold or chest infection (adjusted OR: 1.54; 95 % CI: 1.09-2.16; p = 0.01) and with having had self-reported asthma at some time (adjusted OR: 2.36; 95 % CI: 1.02-5.44; p = 0.04) in boys only. A significant association between overweight and other symptoms of asthma or atopic eczema was not established. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a male-specific positive association between overweight and a current dry night cough and having received a diagnosis of asthma at some time. No association was found with other asthma symptoms or atopic eczema in young adolescents.
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Acetaminophen intake and risk of asthma, hay fever and eczema in early adolescence
(2007-09)
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Stavric, Katerina
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Seckova, Lidija
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Kimovska, Milica
A positive association between acetaminophen intake and allergic diseases has recently been reported in developed countries with impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance and promotion of atopy as proposed underlying mechanisms. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between acetaminophen intake and asthma, hay fever, and eczema in The Republic of Macedonia as a country with acetaminophen intake not physician-controlled, high passive smoke exposure and dietary antioxidant intake, and moderately low prevalence of allergic diseases. Self-reported data obtained through the standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three written questionnaires of 3026 adolescents aged 13/14 years from randomly selected schools in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia, were used. The frequency of current acetaminophen intake--both unadjusted and adjusted for confounding factors--was correlated to current and ever-diagnosed asthma, hay fever and eczema by odds ratios (OR, 95% CI) in binary logistic regression. Use of acetaminophen at least once monthly increased the risk of current wheeze (adjusted OR 2.04, 1.31-3.20 p = 0.002), asthma 'ever' (adjusted OR 2.77, 1.06-7.26 p=0.039), current allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (adjusted OR 2.95, 1.79-4.88 p=0.000) and hay fever 'ever' (adjusted OR 2.25, 1.36-3.70 p=0.002). A significant association between frequent acetaminophen intake and atopic eczema and also between infrequent acetaminophen intake and investigated allergic diseases was not established. The findings suggest an increased risk of asthma and hay fever, but not atopic eczema associated with frequent acetaminophen use in a developing country.
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Influence of physical activity and television-watching time on asthma and allergic rhinitis among young adolescents: preventive or aggravating?
(Elsevier BV, 2008)
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Stavric, Katerina
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Seckova, Lidija
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Kimovska, Milica
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BACKGROUND: Related to exercise hypothesis, the aim of the present study was to explore the influence of physical activity on asthma and allergic rhinitis in a developing country where publicity campaigns about the benefits of exercise are scarce. METHODS: The analysed data were self-reported and obtained through the standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three written questionnaires completed by 3026 adolescents 13/14 year old in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia). Vigorous physical activity and television-watching timeboth unadjusted and adjusted for confounding factorswere used as variables for analysis. Odds ratios (OR, 95 % CI) in binary logistic regression were employed for statistic analysis of the data. RESULTS: Vigorous physical activity both > or = 3 times and 1-2 times per week was associated with an increased risk of current wheeze (aOR: 1.66; 1.08-2.55; p = 0.020 and aOR: 1.70; 1.23-2.36; p = 0.001, respectively), speech-limiting wheeze (aOR: 3.15; 1.13-8.77; p = 0.028 and aOR: 4.62; 2.22-9.62; p = 0.000, respectively) and exercise-induced wheeze (aOR: 2.72; 1.93-3.83; p = 0.000 and aOR: 4.01; 3.12-5.14; p = 0.000, respectively). Frequent physical activity was positively associated only with current allergic rhinitis symptoms (aOR: 1.40; 1.04-1.90; p = 0.029). Television watching > or = 3 hours a day increased the risk of current wheeze (aOR: 1.34; 1.01-1.77; p = 0.042) and exercise-induced wheeze (aOR: 1.32; 1.05-1.65; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The findings support the aggravating role of sedentary regimen and poor physical fitness on asthma symptoms, but not on allergic rhinitis. Physical activity may trigger asthma symptoms when physical fitness is poor and asthma is not controlled.
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An international comparison of risk factors between two regions with distinct differences in asthma prevalence
(Elsevier BV, 2018)
Madani, K
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Rennie, D C
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Sears, M
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Lawson, J A
Investigation of the geographic variation in asthma prevalence can improve our understanding of asthma etiology and management. The purpose of our investigation was to compare the prevalence of asthma and wheeze among adolescents living in two distinct international regions and to investigate reasons for observed differences.

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